ADAM / AIAHTML5

Commit c08be33c1647f1e7b93f966d5d794e224064a975

Authored by Mitali Srivastava
2 parents 70cddb2e f0d6bc46

Merge branch 'MergedCICA' of http://52.6.196.163/ADAM/AIAHTML5 into DASearchBox

Inline Side-by-side
Showing 5 changed files with 618 additions and 653 deletions
400-SOURCECODE/AIAHTML5.Web/app/controllers/CAController.js
  View file @c08be33
... ... @@ -72,18 +72,14 @@ function ($scope, $window, $rootScope, $compile, $http, log, $location, pages, B
72 72 SelectedCAthumbImage = new jinqJs()
73 73 .from($scope.selectedCAlistViewData)
74 74 .where('_id = ' + id)
75   - .select('_ThumbnailImage');
  75 + .select('_ThumbnailImage', '_Summary', '_id', '_Title');
76 76  
77 77 $scope.SelectedCAthumbImage = "~/../content/images/ca/thumbnails/" + SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._ThumbnailImage;
78 78  
79   - var SelectedCASummary = [];
80   - SelectedCASummary = new jinqJs()
81   - .from($scope.selectedCAlistViewData)
82   - .where('_id = ' + id)
83   - .select('_Summary');
  79 + $scope.SelectedCASummary = SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._Summary;
  80 + $scope.SelectedCAId = SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._id;
  81 + $scope.SelectedCATitle = SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._Title;
84 82  
85   - $scope.SelectedCASummary = SelectedCASummary[0]._Summary
86   - // alert($scope.SelectedCAImage + "\n" + $scope.SelectedCASummary);
87 83 }
88 84 else {
89 85 if ($scope.searchCAlistViewData.length > 0) {
... ... @@ -92,18 +88,13 @@ function ($scope, $window, $rootScope, $compile, $http, log, $location, pages, B
92 88 SelectedCAthumbImage = new jinqJs()
93 89 .from($scope.searchCAlistViewData)
94 90 .where('_id = ' + id)
95   - .select('_ThumbnailImage');
  91 + .select('_ThumbnailImage', '_Summary', '_id', '_Title');
96 92  
97 93 $scope.SelectedCAthumbImage = "~/../content/images/ca/thumbnails/" + SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._ThumbnailImage;
98 94  
99   - var SelectedCASummary = [];
100   - SelectedCASummary = new jinqJs()
101   - .from($scope.searchCAlistViewData)
102   - .where('_id = ' + id)
103   - .select('_Summary');
104   -
105   - $scope.SelectedCASummary = SelectedCASummary[0]._Summary
106   - // alert($scope.SelectedCAImage + "\n" + $scope.SelectedCASummary);
  95 + $scope.SelectedCASummary = SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._Summary;
  96 + $scope.SelectedCAId = SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._id;
  97 + $scope.SelectedCATitle = SelectedCAthumbImage[0]._Title;
107 98 }
108 99 }
109 100 };
... ...
400-SOURCECODE/AIAHTML5.Web/app/controllers/CIController.js
  View file @c08be33
... ... @@ -82,17 +82,10 @@ function ($scope, $window, $rootScope, $compile, $http, log, $location, $timeout
82 82 .select('_ThumbnailImage', '_Summary', '_id', '_Title');
83 83  
84 84 $scope.SelectedCIthumbImage = "~/../content/images/ci/thumbnails/" + SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._ThumbnailImage;
85   -
86   - //var SelectedCISummary = [];
87   - //SelectedCISummary = new jinqJs()
88   - // .from($scope.selectedCIlistViewData)
89   - // .where('_id = ' + id)
90   - // .select('_Summary');
91   -
92 85 $scope.SelectedCISummary = SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._Summary;
93 86 $scope.SelectedCIId = SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._id;
94 87 $scope.SelectedCITitle = SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._Title;
95   - // alert($scope.SelectedCIImage + "\n" + $scope.SelectedCISummary);
  88 +
96 89 }
97 90 else {
98 91 if ($scope.searchCIlistViewData.length > 0) {
... ... @@ -101,18 +94,13 @@ function ($scope, $window, $rootScope, $compile, $http, log, $location, $timeout
101 94 SelectedCIthumbImage = new jinqJs()
102 95 .from($scope.searchCIlistViewData)
103 96 .where('_id = ' + id)
104   - .select('_ThumbnailImage');
  97 + .select('_ThumbnailImage', '_Summary', '_id', '_Title');
105 98  
106 99 $scope.SelectedCIthumbImage = "~/../content/images/ci/thumbnails/" + SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._ThumbnailImage;
  100 + $scope.SelectedCISummary = SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._Summary;
  101 + $scope.SelectedCIId = SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._id;
  102 + $scope.SelectedCITitle = SelectedCIthumbImage[0]._Title;
107 103  
108   - var SelectedCISummary = [];
109   - SelectedCISummary = new jinqJs()
110   - .from($scope.searchCIlistViewData)
111   - .where('_id = ' + id)
112   - .select('_Summary');
113   -
114   - $scope.SelectedCISummary = SelectedCISummary[0]._Summary
115   - // alert($scope.SelectedCIImage + "\n" + $scope.SelectedCISummary);
116 104 }
117 105 }
118 106 };
... ...
400-SOURCECODE/AIAHTML5.Web/app/views/ca/ca-view.html
  View file @c08be33
... ... @@ -92,14 +92,14 @@
92 92 </div>
93 93 <div class="col-sm-12" ng-show=" hiderow" style="padding-left:25px;padding-top:10px;">
94 94 <div class="row well">
95   - <div class="col-sm-3 col-lg-2 no-padding">
  95 + <div title="{{SelectedCATitle}}" class="col-sm-3 col-lg-2 no-padding">
96 96 <div class="thumbnail no-margin">
97   - <img src="{{SelectedCAthumbImage}}" style="width:100%;height:100%;" alt=" " title=" ">
  97 + <img id="{{SelectedCAId}}" src="{{SelectedCAthumbImage}}" style="width:100%;height:100%;" alt=" " title="{{SelectedCATitle}}" data-ng-click="openView($event)">
98 98 </div>
99 99 </div>
100 100 <div class="col-sm-9 col-lg-9" style="padding-left:10px;">
101 101 <p class="f11" ng-bind-html="SelectedCASummary"></p>
102   - <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm pull-right" data-ng-click="openView($event)">Open</button>
  102 + <button id="{{SelectedCAId}}" type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm pull-right" data-ng-click="openView($event)">Open</button>
103 103 </div>
104 104 </div>
105 105 </div>
... ...
400-SOURCECODE/AIAHTML5.Web/content/data/json/ca/ca_dat_contentlist.json
  View file @c08be33
1 1 {
2 2 "root": {
3   - "CAData": [{
4   - "_id": "1103",
5   - "_ImageId": "3377",
6   - "_Title": "Blood clotting",
7   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3377.flv",
8   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3377.jpg",
9   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
10   - "_BodyRegion": "Upper Limb",
11   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
12   - "_Summary": "This animation depicts the process of blood clotting in an enlarged view of a small artery. Cells shown include red blood cells, platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors.",
13   - "_LowerSummary": "The body contains a natural process to stop bleeding from minor cuts in a matter of several minutes. When a small artery is cut, the collagen fibers in its tissue are exposed, which signals the clotting process to begin. As platelets begin to adhere to the cut edges, they release chemicals to attract even more platelets. Eventually a platelet plug is formed, and the external bleeding stops. Clotting factors in the blood cause strands of blood-borne material, called fibrin, to stick together and seal the inside of the wound. Eventually, the cut blood vessel heals, and the blood clot dissolves after several days."
14   - }, {
15   - "_id": "1104",
16   - "_ImageId": "3378",
17   - "_Title": "Blood pressure",
18   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3378.flv",
19   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3378.jpg",
20   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
21   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
22   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
23   - "_Summary": "This animation defines normal blood pressure and the measurement of systole and diastole. Structures shown include a front-view of the heart beating, a cut-view of the heart beating, and blood flowing through a small artery.",
24   - "_LowerSummary": "Normal blood pressure is important for proper blood flow to the body's organs and tissues. Blood pressure moves from high pressure near the heart to low pressure away from the heart. The force of the blood on the walls of the arteries is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured both as the heart contracts, which is called systole, and as CAData relaxes, which is called diastole. Normal blood pressure is considered to be a systolic blood pressure of 115 millimeters of mercury and a diastolic pressure of 70 millimeters of mercury (stated as \"115 over 70\"). If an individual were to have a consistent blood pressure reading of 140 over 90, he would be evaluated for having high blood pressure. If left untreated, high blood pressure can damage important organs, such as the brain and kidneys as well as lead to a stroke."
25   - }, {
26   - "_id": "1105",
27   - "_ImageId": "3379",
28   - "_Title": "Brain components",
29   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3379.flv",
30   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3379.jpg",
31   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
32   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
33   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
34   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the major sections of the brain and explains their primary functions.",
35   - "_LowerSummary": "The brain is composed of more than a thousand million neurons. Specific groups of them, working in concert, provide us with the capacity to reason, to experience feelings, and to understand the world. They also give us the capacity to remember numerous pieces of information. The 3 major components of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres, each composed of a frontal, temporal,parietal, and occipital lobes. The cerebral cortex (gray matter) is the outside portion of the cerebrum and provides us with functions associated with conscious thought. The grooves and folds increase the cerebrum's surface area, allowing us to have a tremendous amount of gray matter inside of the skull. Deep to the gray matter is the cerebral \"white matter\". The white matter provides for the communication between the cortex and lower central nervous system centers. The cerebellum is located near the base of the head. It creates automatic programs so we can make complex movements without thinking. The brain stem connects the brain with the spinal cord and is composed of 3 structures: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brain stem provides us with automatic functions that are necessary for survival."
36   - }, {
37   - "_id": "1106",
38   - "_ImageId": "3380",
39   - "_Title": "Cardiac conduction system",
40   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3380.flv",
41   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3380.jpg",
42   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
43   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
44   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
45   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the cardiac conduction system, a group of specialized muscle cells that signal the rest of the heart to contract. An ECG tracing is shown in tandem with a normal heartbeat.",
46   - "_LowerSummary": "The cardiac conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing CAData to contract. The main components of the cardiac conduction system are the SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The SA node (anatomical pacemaker) starts the sequence by causing the atrial muscles to contract. From there, the signal travels to the AV node, through the bundle of HIS, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract. This signal creates an electrical current that can be seen on a graph called an Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)."
47   - }, {
48   - "_id": "1130",
49   - "_ImageId": "3403",
50   - "_Title": "Low back pain",
51   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3403.flv",
52   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3403.jpg",
53   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous, Skeletal",
54   - "_BodyRegion": "Body Wall and Back, Pelvis and Perineum, Thorax",
55   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Chiropractic, Orthopedics, Osteopathy, Sports Medicine",
56   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates various parts of the spine and potential causes of low back pain.",
57   - "_LowerSummary": "The vertebral column, also called the spine, provides support for the trunk of the body, protects the spinal cord, and provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back and trunk.The spine has 4 natural curves. This \"S\" shape allows for CAData to act more like a spring for the body rather than a straight stiff rod and helps to provide resilience for bearing the weight and motion of the body.The vertebral column consists of 5 major divisions:<ol><li>7 cervical vertebrae</li><li>12 thoracic vertebrae</li><li>5 lumbar vertebrae</li><li>Sacrum</li><li>Coccyx</li></ol>Located between the individual vertebrae are cushions called intervertebral discs. These discs act like shock absorbers during physical activity such as walking, jumping, or lifting, and allow the spine to extend and flex.Each vertebra and disc is named by its division and order. For example, the first lumbar vertebra is called \"L1\", the second is called \"L2\" and the disc in between is called the \"L1 - L2 intervertebral disc\". The lumbar portion of the spine supports most of the body's weight and is the most common area for back pain.The vertebrae are designed to help protect the spinal cord and the spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the various parts of the body. The protection of the spinal cord and its nerves are important for maintaining good body function and health. Each intervertebral disc consists of 2 parts. The center of the disc is called the nucleus pulposus, which acts like a rubber ball to provide cushioning during compression. The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by a tough fibrous outer covering called the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus protects the nucleus pulposus and keeps its jelly-like material contained within the disc.Over time or as a result of injury, the outer covering of the disc may wear out or become torn. If this happens, the center jelly-like material may bulge out and put pressure on a nearby spinal nerve. The protrusion or rupturing of a disc is often called a \"slipped disc\". This condition may result in severe pain or even limit motion and your ability to do certain physical activities. Other common causes of low back pain are:<ul><li>Narrowing of the spinal canal, also called spinal stenosis </li><li>Small fractures to the vertebral bodies</li><li>Strains or tears of the muscles, tendons, or ligaments that support the spine</li><li>Poor alignment of the vertebrae</li><li>Spasms of the muscles in the back</li></ul>Various treatments are available for low back pain, including medication, physical therapy, chiropractic treatments, acupuncture, massage therapy, and surgery. However, the best medicine of all is prevention through proper exercise, keeping good posture during working and resting times, and maintaining healthy living habits."
58   - }, {
59   - "_id": "1107",
60   - "_ImageId": "3381",
61   - "_Title": "Conception - interactive tool",
62   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3381.swf",
63   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3381.jpg",
64   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
65   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
66   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
67   - "_Summary": "This interactive animation takes you on a journey through the female reproductive system to see the processes of ovulation, fertilization and implantation of a fertilized egg (zygote).",
68   - "_LowerSummary": "Click a circle in the \"Navigation\" box to travel to a particular section of the female reproductive system. At each section, select the \"Click here to play animation\" to see an action occur that leads to the successful conception of a fertilized egg."
69   - }, {
70   - "_id": "1108",
71   - "_ImageId": "3382",
72   - "_Title": "Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)",
73   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3382.flv",
74   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3382.jpg",
75   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
76   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
77   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
78   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedure in which a portion of vein is grafted on the heart to reroute blood from a blocked section of a coronary artery.",
79   - "_LowerSummary": "Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is an invasive procedure that involves taking a section of vein from the leg and grafting CAData onto a location on the heart, which allows blood to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery.The procedure begins with the surgeon making a cut in the leg and removing a section of vein. Both ends of the vein are tied-off in the leg and the cut is closed. The chest is opened and the blood is rerouted through a heart-lung machine. The heart is then stopped.The surgeon locates the blocked coronary artery and attaches the section of vein taken from the leg to the aorta and to the coronary artery below the blocked segment of the artery. The surgeon may do as many bypasses on as many blocked coronary arteries as the patient needs.Once each bypass graft is placed, CAData is checked for leaks. Following this, the heart is restarted. Once the heart is beating again, the surgeon will remove its attachments to the heart-lung machine and sew the openings closed. Following this the chest is closed. A pacemaker may be inserted during the procedure to help control any heart rhythm problems the patient may have."
80   - }, {
81   - "_id": "1109",
82   - "_ImageId": "3383",
83   - "_Title": "Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA)",
84   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3383.flv",
85   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3383.jpg",
86   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
87   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
88   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
89   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) procedure performed to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries by a tiny spinning cutter that slices away plaque lesions and stores them to be withdrawn.",
90   - "_LowerSummary": "Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries and allow more blood to flow to the heart muscle and ease the pain caused by blockages.The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a catheter designed for lesion cutting is advanced across the blockage site. A low-pressure balloon, which is attached to the catheter adjacent to the cutter, is inflated such that the lesion material is exposed to the cutter.The cutter spins, cutting away pieces of the blockage. These lesion pieces are stored in a section of the catheter called a nosecone, and removed after the intervention is complete. Together with rotation of the catheter, the balloon can be deflated and re-inflated to cut the blockage in any direction, allowing for uniform debulking.A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. After the intervention is completed the doctor injects contrast media and takes a x-ray to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
91   - }, {
92   - "_id": "1111",
93   - "_ImageId": "3384",
94   - "_Title": "Egg cell production",
95   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3384.flv",
96   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3384.jpg",
97   - "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
98   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
99   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
100   - "_Summary": "This animation depicts the maturation of egg cells within ovary and illustrates the role of hormones in menstruation and egg cell fertilization and implantation.",
101   - "_LowerSummary": "All of the immature egg cells (oocytes) a woman will ever produce are stored in the ovaries by the time she is born. The average age that girls begin to menstruate is 12 years old. Each menstrual cycle occurs approximately every 28 days. During each cycle, hormonal messages from the brain cause the ovaries to develop a single mature egg cell for potential fertilization, even as other hormones instruct the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for nourishing the fertilized egg cell. The cycle starts when a follicle grows within one of the ovaries. A follicle is composed of the developing egg cell and the support cells that surround and nourish CAData. On day 1 of the cycle, a small structure in the brain, the pituitary gland, releases two hormones, FSH and LH, both of which cause the follicle to begin growing.Over the next 13 days, the growing follicle releases estrogen, a hormone that prepares the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg cell. Meanwhile, the estrogen in the bloodstream causes the brain to release a surge of LH. In response to the LH surge, the follicle enlarges rapidly. On day 14, CAData ruptures and releases the egg cell in a process known as ovulation. The ruptured follicle begins secreting the hormone progesterone, which also helps to prepare the uterine lining for a fertilized egg cell. The egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube entrance by its waving structures called fimbriae.Once the egg cell is within the fallopian tube, CAData will either be fertilized by a sperm cell, or fertilization will fail to take place. If the egg cell is not fertilized within 24 hours after its release from the ovary, CAData will stop developing and will dissolve before reaching the uterus. The absence of a fertilized egg cell gradually causes a woman's body to stop releasing the hormones that would otherwise prepare the uterus for the developing egg cell. In response, the uterus sheds its lining on days 24 through 28 during menstruation. If a sperm does fertilize the egg cell, tiny hair-like cells called cilia will transport CAData towards the uterus. The fertilized egg now called a blastocyst, lodges in the uterine wall in a process called implantation to receive nourishment from the uterine lining. The remaining cells of the ruptured follicle in the ovary produce progesterone so that the uterine lining will stay rich in blood vessels, and the fertilized egg cell will survive."
102   - }, {
103   - "_id": "1112",
104   - "_ImageId": "3385",
105   - "_Title": "Electrocardiogram (ECG) - interactive tool",
106   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3385.swf",
107   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3385.jpg",
108   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
109   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
110   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Emergency Medicine, Pathology, Physiology",
111   - "_Summary": "An electrocardiogram (ECG) enables the rhythm of the heart to be viewed in waveform. This interactive animation shows the ECG waveforms for normal sinus rhythm and various conditions of the heart.",
112   - "_LowerSummary": "Click the waveform pull-down list to view various waveforms showing normal and pathological conditions of the heart."
113   - }, {
114   - "_id": "1113",
115   - "_ImageId": "3386",
116   - "_Title": "Endocrine glands - general overview",
117   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3386.flv",
118   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3386.jpg",
119   - "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Nervous",
120   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
121   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology",
122   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the glands of the endocrine system, specifically enlarging the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas. A communication path within the neuroendocrine system is also shown.",
123   - "_LowerSummary": "The endocrine system is primarily composed of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the thymus, and the adrenal glands. Other glands are also included within the endocrine system since they contain endocrine tissue that secretes hormones such as the pancreas, ovaries and testes.The endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together. The brain continuously sends instructions to the endocrine system, and in return receives feedback from the endocrine glands. Because of this intimate relationship, the nervous and endocrine systems are referred to as the neuroendocrine system.The hypothalamus is known as the master switchboard because CAData's the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system. The pituitary gland, which hangs by a thin stalk from the hypothalamus, is called the master gland of the body because CAData regulates the activity of the endocrine glands.The hypothalamus detects the rising level of the target organ's hormones then sends either hormonal or electrical messages to the pituitary gland. In response, the pituitary gland releases hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to a target endocrine gland, instructing CAData to stop producing its hormones.The endocrine system constantly adjusts hormone levels so that the body can function normally. This process is called homeostasis."
124   - }, {
125   - "_id": "1114",
126   - "_ImageId": "3387",
127   - "_Title": "Enlarged prostate gland (BPH)",
128   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3387.flv",
129   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3387.jpg",
130   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive, Urinary",
131   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
132   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Geriatrics, Urology",
133   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the prostate gland and its surrounding structures and shows the effects of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).",
134   - "_LowerSummary": "The prostate gland is located underneath the bladder and is about the size of a chestnut. Part of the urethra is encased within the prostate gland. As a man ages, the prostate typically enlarges in size in a process called benign hypertrophy (non-cancerous enlargement).The enlarged prostate crowds its surrounding structures and may cause the urethra to narrow. The narrowed urethra results in several of the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Symptoms may include a slowed or delayed start in urination, the need to urinate frequently during the night, difficulty in emptying the bladder, a strong, sudden urge to urinate, and incontinence. Less than half of all men with BPH have symptoms of the disease, or their symptoms are minor and do not restrict their life style.BPH is a normal physiological process of aging and treatment options are available. The choice of the appropriate treatment is based on the severity of the symptoms, the extent to which they effect lifestyle, and the presence of other medical conditions. Men with BPH should consult with their physician yearly to monitor the progression of the symptoms and decide the best course of treatment as needed."
135   - }, {
136   - "_id": "1115",
137   - "_ImageId": "3388",
138   - "_Title": "Fetal development - interactive tool",
139   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3388.swf",
140   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3388.jpg",
141   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
142   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
143   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
144   - "_Summary": "This animation enables you to see the development of an embryo and fetus by dragging timed slider bars located in the interactive tool.",
145   - "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag a slider bar underneath an image window to see the process of embryonic and fetal development."
146   - }, {
147   - "_id": "1116",
148   - "_ImageId": "3389",
149   - "_Title": "Formation of twins",
150   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3389.flv",
151   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3389.jpg",
152   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
153   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
154   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
155   - "_Summary": "This animation shows the differences between the development of a single baby, identical twins, and non-identical twins.",
156   - "_LowerSummary": "Twins occur in about 1% of all pregnancies in which 30% are identical (maternal, monozygotic) twins and 70% are non-identical (fraternal, dizygotic) twins.A single baby is formed when an egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell to form a zygote. The zygote divides to form a structure composed of hundreds of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterine lining and will grow into a single baby.Identical twins start out from a single fertilized egg cell (zygote). Unlike a single baby, the fertilized egg cell will split into two separate embryos during the two-cell stage (day 2), early blastocyst stage (day 4), or late blastocyst stage (day 6).The stage at which the egg cell splits determines how the twins will implant in the uterine lining, and whether or not they share an amnion, chorion, and placenta. The earlier the splitting occurs, the more independently the twins will develop in the uterus. Twins that split during the late blastocyst stage will share an amnion, chorion, and amniotic sac.Non-identical twins develop from two fertilized egg cells (zygotes). During ovulation, two egg cells are released and fertilized by two different sperm cells. Non-identical twin embryos develop separately each having their own chorion, amnion, and placenta."
157   - }, {
158   - "_id": "1117",
159   - "_ImageId": "3390",
160   - "_Title": "Gas exchange",
161   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3390.flv",
162   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3390.jpg",
163   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Respiratory",
164   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
165   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology, Respiratory Therapy",
166   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the passage of air and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs on both a gross and microscopic level.",
167   - "_LowerSummary": "Air first enters the body through the mouth or nose, quickly moves to the pharynx (throat), passes through the larynx (voice box), enters the trachea, which branches into a left and right bronchus within the lungs and further divides into smaller and smaller branches called bronchioles. The smallest bronchioles end in tiny air sacs, called alveoli, which inflate during inhalation, and deflate during exhalation.Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli.The walls of the alveoli actually share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide to move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide molecules in the alveoli are blown out of the body with the next exhalation."
168   - }, {
169   - "_id": "1118",
170   - "_ImageId": "3391",
171   - "_Title": "Heartbeat",
172   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3391.flv",
173   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3391.jpg",
174   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
175   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
176   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
177   - "_Summary": "This animation follows the passage of blood through the heart's chambers and valves.",
178   - "_LowerSummary": "The heart is a four-chambered organ with four main vessels, which either bring blood to or carry blood away from the heart. The four chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.The great vessels of the heart include:<ul><li>Superior and inferior vena cava (brings blood from the body to the right atrium)</li><li>Pulmonary artery (transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs)</li><li>Aorta (the body's largest artery, which transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body)</li></ul>A series of one-way valves keep the blood flowing in one direction with every heartbeat. Blood first enters the heart into the right atrium then passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the muscular force pushes blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery. Blood then travels to the lungs, where CAData receives oxygen. Next, CAData drains out of the lungs via the pulmonary veins, and travels to the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood is forced through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the major muscular pump that sends the blood out to the body systems. When the left ventricle contracts, CAData forces the blood through the aortic semilunar valves and into the aorta. The aorta and its branches carry blood to all the tissues of the body."
179   - }, {
180   - "_id": "1120",
181   - "_ImageId": "3393",
182   - "_Title": "Lymphatics and the breast",
183   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3393.flv",
184   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3393.jpg",
185   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Lymphatic",
186   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Head and Neck, Pelvis and Perineum, Thorax",
187   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Oncology (Cancer), Physiology",
188   - "_Summary": "This animation discusses and depicts several aspects of the lymphatic system including a microscopic view of lymph formation, edema, breast lymphatics and the spread of breast cancer.",
189   - "_LowerSummary": "The lymphatic system is often referred to as the body's \"secondary circulatory system\". The lymphatic system collects excess fluid in the body's tissues and returns CAData to the bloodstream.Lymph formation occurs at the microscopic level. During the exchange of fluid and molecules between the blood circulation and body tissues, blood capillaries may not reabsorb all of the fluid. Surrounding lymphatic capillaries absorb the excess fluid. The fluid is then filtered and transported back by the lymphatic system into large veins near the heart.The lymphatic system can play a very worrisome role in the spread of breast cancer. Components of the lymphatic system called lymph nodes are distributed at specific locations throughout the body. There is also an extensive network of lymphatic vessels in every woman's breast tissue, which is important in regulating the local fluid balance as well as in filtering out harmful substances.The lymph vessels in the breast may inadvertently supply cancerous cells with access to a highway along which the cancerous cells can move to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis and may result in the formation of a secondary cancer mass in a different location of the body. Regular breast self examinations can help to detect tumors earlier in their growth, hopefully before they spread quickly or metastasize."
190   - }, {
191   - "_id": "1121",
192   - "_ImageId": "3394",
193   - "_Title": "Menstrual cycle - interactive tool",
194   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3394.swf",
195   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3394.jpg",
196   - "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
197   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
198   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
199   - "_Summary": "This interactive animation shows the changes that occur during the menstrual cycle to hormone levels, body temperature, an ovary, and lining of the uterus.",
200   - "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag the slider bar to see changes that occur during a normal 28 day menstrual cycle."
201   - }, {
202   - "_id": "1122",
203   - "_ImageId": "3395",
204   - "_Title": "Nerve conduction - general overview",
205   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3395.flv",
206   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3395.jpg",
207   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
208   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Body Wall and Back, Head and Neck, Thorax, Upper Limb",
209   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
210   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the nervous system and shows the process in which nerve impulses are transmitted.",
211   - "_LowerSummary": "The nervous system is composed of two divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and the spinal cord and the PNS consists of thousands of nerves that connect the spinal cord to muscles and sensory receptors.A peripheral nerve is composed of nerve bundles (fascicles) that contain hundreds of individual nerve fibers (neurons). Neurons consist of dendrites, axon, and cell body. The dendrites are the tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and from special sensory cells that sense the body's surrounding environment. The cell body is the headquarters of the neuron and contains its genetic information in the form of DNA. The axon transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons.Many neurons are insulated like pieces of electrical wire. This insulation protects them and also allows their signals to move faster along the axon. Without this insulation, signals from the brain might never reach the outlying muscle groups in the limbs.The operation of the nervous system depends on the flow of communication between neurons. For an electrical signal to travel between two neurons, CAData must first be converted to a chemical signal, which then crosses a space of about a millionth of an inch wide. The space is called a synapse, and the chemical signal is called a neurotransmitter.Neurotransmitters allow the billions of neurons in the nervous system to communicate with one another, making the nervous system the master communication system of the body."
212   - }, {
213   - "_id": "1124",
214   - "_ImageId": "3397",
215   - "_Title": "Peristalsis",
216   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3397.flv",
217   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3397.jpg",
218   - "_BodySystem": "Digestive",
219   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
220   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Gastroenterology, Physiology",
221   - "_Summary": "This animation follows the processing of food through the digestive tract, focusing on the intestinal peristaltic movement (a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves the food mixture down the digestive tract).",
222   - "_LowerSummary": "Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed. The strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle in the esophagus carry the food to the stomach, where CAData is churned into a liquid mixture called chyme.Next, peristalsis continues in the small intestine where CAData mixes and shifts the chyme back and forth, allowing nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.Peristalsis concludes in the large intestine where water from the undigested food material is absorbed into the bloodstream. Finally, the remaining waste products are excreted from the body through the rectum and anus."
223   - }, {
224   - "_id": "1126",
225   - "_ImageId": "3399",
226   - "_Title": "Sperm production and pathway of ejaculation",
227   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3399.flv",
228   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3399.jpg",
229   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
230   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
231   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology",
232   - "_Summary": "This animation highlights the structures of the male reproductive system and the pathway of ejaculate. A testicle is sectioned and enlarged to depict its internal anatomy, including a microscopic view of individual sperm.",
233   - "_LowerSummary": "Sperm are produced, stored, and delivered by the male reproductive system. The male reproductive system includes the testes, urethra, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and penis.The testes contain coiled structures called seminiferous tubules, which are the sites of sperm production. They produce over 12 billion sperm per month. The epididymis lies on top of the seminiferous tubules. Immature sperm migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to mature and be stored. The migration process usually takes about 20 days. Before intercourse, the penis fills with blood and becomes erect. With sufficient stimulation, the ejaculatory process begins.The mature sperm travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a narrow, muscular tube about 18 inches long. Its smooth muscle contractions propel the sperm forward. They arrive first at the ampulla, the widest part of the vas deferens, and then pass into the ejaculatory ducts. In the ejaculatory ducts, a liquid secretion from the seminal vesicles mixes with the sperm. Seminal fluid contains fructose sugar, which the sperm use as fuel as well as alkalines, which help to counteract the naturally acidic environment of the vagina and uterus providing the sperm a better chance for survival.The liquid mixture is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra, passing first through the prostate gland, where milky prostatic fluid is added, forming the substance we call semen. The prostatic fluid helps the sperm swim faster, which is important for getting to the egg cell.Finally, about a teaspoon of semen is ejected out (ejaculated) through the far end of the urethra at the end of the penis. From the time the sperm leave the man's body, they have between 12 and 48 hours to find and fertilize the egg cell, assuming an egg is available. Of the 300 million sperm ejaculated, only about 200 or so will survive to reach the egg cell and only one will succeed in fertilizing CAData."
234   - }, {
235   - "_id": "1127",
236   - "_ImageId": "3400",
237   - "_Title": "Stroke",
238   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3400.flv",
239   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3400.jpg",
240   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
241   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
242   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
243   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a stroke resulting by an embolism traveling from an internal carotid artery and lodging within a cerebral artery in the brain.",
244   - "_LowerSummary": "A stroke may occur if an embolism travels from another part of the body and lodges within an artery in the brain. When an internal arterial wall becomes damaged, various types of emboli can form, such as one derived from platlets, thrombotic, cholesterol, or mixed. In this example, an embolism is formed in the internal carotid artery, breaks loose, travels towards the brain and lodges in a cerebral artery. The blocked artery deprives the brain of oxygen, damaging the surrounding brain tissue. The result is a stroke."
245   - }, {
246   - "_id": "1128",
247   - "_ImageId": "3401",
248   - "_Title": "Stroke - secondary to cardiogenic embolism",
249   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3401.flv",
250   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3401.jpg",
251   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
252   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
253   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
254   - "_Summary": "This animations shows a piece of clot breaking away from the heart, travelling to the brain, resulting in a stroke.",
255   - "_LowerSummary": "A blood clot, or embolus, can form and break-off from the heart. The clot travels through the bloodstream where CAData can lodge in an artery of the brain, blocking the flow of blood. The lack of oxygen results in damage, destruction, or even tissue death of the brain beyond the affected area. The result is a stroke."
256   - }, {
257   - "_id": "1119",
258   - "_ImageId": "3392",
259   - "_Title": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)",
260   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3392.flv",
261   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3392.jpg",
262   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
263   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN)",
264   - "_Summary": "This animations shows the process of Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a procedure used to fertilize an egg cell outside of the body.",
265   - "_LowerSummary": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or ICSI, is a form of in vitro fertilization in which fertilization occurs outside of the body. First, egg cells are harvested and transferred to a special media in a laboratory dish. Within a few hours, a single sperm is injected through a fine needle into the center of an egg cell to aid in the process of fertilization. If successful, the cell will divide and form the beginning stages of an embryo. If necessary, the DNA of a single cell from an embryo may be checked to ensure that various genetic disorders are not present. Typically, several egg cells are harvested and fertilized at the same time then inserted back into the uterus to increase the chances that one will implant and develop into a successful pregnancy."
266   - }, {
267   - "_id": "1123",
268   - "_ImageId": "3396",
269   - "_Title": "Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)",
270   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3396.flv",
271   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3396.jpg",
272   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
273   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
274   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
275   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries by inflating a tiny balloon to compress the plaque against the walls of the artery, flattening CAData out so that blood can once again flow through the blood vessel freely.",
276   - "_LowerSummary": "Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle.The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a balloon catheter is advanced to the blockage site. The balloon is inflated for a few seconds to compress the blockage against the artery wall. Then the balloon is deflated.The doctor may repeat this a few times, each time pumping up the balloon a little more to widen the passage for the blood to flow through. This treatment may be repeated at each blocked site in the coronary arteries. A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. Once the compression has been performed, contrast media is injected and a x-ray is taken to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
277   - }, {
278   - "_id": "1125",
279   - "_ImageId": "3398",
280   - "_Title": "Sexual differentiation",
281   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3398.flv",
282   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3398.jpg",
283   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
284   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
285   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology",
286   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the development of the external sex organs in a female and male fetus.",
287   - "_LowerSummary": "A baby's sex is determined at the time of conception. When a baby is conceived, the X or Y chromosome carried by the sperm cell fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell. The chromosome combination determines whether the baby will be female or male. An XX combination means the baby will be a girl and XY means CAData will be a boy.Even though gender is determined at conception, the fetus doesn't develop its external sexual organs until the fourth month of pregnancy. At seven weeks after conception, the front of the fetus appears to be sexually indifferent, looking neither like a female or a male.Over the next five weeks, the fetus begins producing hormones that cause its sex organs to grow into either female or male organs. This process is called sexual differentiation. If the fetus is female, CAData will produce hormones called estrogens. If the fetus is a male, CAData will produce hormones called androgens. Hormones will instruct a common structure called the genital tubercle to either form the clitoris in the female or the penis in the male. The clitoris and penis are called sexual analogs because they originate from the same structure."
288   - }, {
289   - "_id": "1129",
290   - "_ImageId": "3402",
291   - "_Title": "Vasectomy",
292   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3402.flv",
293   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3402.jpg",
294   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
295   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
296   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "General Surgery",
297   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a vasectomy procedure.",
298   - "_LowerSummary": "A vasectomy is a procedure to cause permanent sterility in a man by preventing the transport of sperm out of the testes. A small incision is made in the scrotum and each vas deferens is tied off and cut apart preventing sperm from being released within the ejaculate. The small skin incision is stitched closed and the surgery does not affect a man's sexual function."
299   - }, {
300   - "_id": "1131",
301   - "_ImageId": "3404",
302   - "_Title": "Hearing and the cochlea",
303   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3404.flv",
304   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3404.jpg",
305   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
306   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
307   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Otolaryngology (ENT), Physiology",
308   - "_Summary": "This animation shows the various structures of the ear and the process of hearing.",
309   - "_LowerSummary": "As sound waves entering the ear, they travel through the outer ear, the external auditory canal, and strike the eardrum causing CAData to vibrate. The central part of the eardrum is connected to a small bone of the middle ear called the malleus (hammer). As the malleus vibrates, CAData transmits the sound vibrations to the other two small bones or ossicles of the middle ear, the incus and stapes. As the stapes moves, CAData pushes a structure called the oval window in and out. This action is passed onto the cochlea, which is a fluid-filled snail-like structure that contains the receptor organ for hearing. The cochlea contains the spiral organ of Corti, which is the receptor organ for hearing. It consists of tiny hair cells that translate the fluid vibration of sounds from its surrounding ducts into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves. As the stapes rocks back and forth against the oval window, CAData transmits pressure waves of sound through the fluid of the cochlea, sending the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct into motion. The fibers near the cochlear apex resonate to lower frequency sound while fibers near the oval window response to higher frequency sound."
310   - }]
  3 + "CAData": [
  4 + {
  5 + "_id": "1103",
  6 + "_ImageId": "3377",
  7 + "_Title": "Blood clotting",
  8 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3377.flv",
  9 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3377.jpg",
  10 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  11 + "_BodyRegion": "Upper Limb",
  12 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  13 + "_Summary": "This animation depicts the process of blood clotting in an enlarged view of a small artery. Cells shown include red blood cells, platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors.",
  14 + "_LowerSummary": "The body contains a natural process to stop bleeding from minor cuts in a matter of several minutes. When a small artery is cut, the collagen fibers in its tissue are exposed, which signals the clotting process to begin. As platelets begin to adhere to the cut edges, they release chemicals to attract even more platelets. Eventually a platelet plug is formed, and the external bleeding stops. Clotting factors in the blood cause strands of blood-borne material, called fibrin, to stick together and seal the inside of the wound. Eventually, the cut blood vessel heals, and the blood clot dissolves after several days."
  15 + },
  16 + {
  17 + "_id": "1104",
  18 + "_ImageId": "3378",
  19 + "_Title": "Blood pressure",
  20 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3378.flv",
  21 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3378.jpg",
  22 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  23 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  24 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  25 + "_Summary": "This animation defines normal blood pressure and the measurement of systole and diastole. Structures shown include a front-view of the heart beating, a cut-view of the heart beating, and blood flowing through a small artery.",
  26 + "_LowerSummary": "Normal blood pressure is important for proper blood flow to the body's organs and tissues. Blood pressure moves from high pressure near the heart to low pressure away from the heart. The force of the blood on the walls of the arteries is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured both as the heart contracts, which is called systole, and as CAData relaxes, which is called diastole. Normal blood pressure is considered to be a systolic blood pressure of 115 millimeters of mercury and a diastolic pressure of 70 millimeters of mercury (stated as \"115 over 70\"). If an individual were to have a consistent blood pressure reading of 140 over 90, he would be evaluated for having high blood pressure. If left untreated, high blood pressure can damage important organs, such as the brain and kidneys as well as lead to a stroke."
  27 + },
  28 + {
  29 + "_id": "1105",
  30 + "_ImageId": "3379",
  31 + "_Title": "Brain components",
  32 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3379.flv",
  33 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3379.jpg",
  34 + "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
  35 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
  36 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
  37 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the major sections of the brain and explains their primary functions.",
  38 + "_LowerSummary": "The brain is composed of more than a thousand million neurons. Specific groups of them, working in concert, provide us with the capacity to reason, to experience feelings, and to understand the world. They also give us the capacity to remember numerous pieces of information. The 3 major components of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres, each composed of a frontal, temporal,parietal, and occipital lobes. The cerebral cortex (gray matter) is the outside portion of the cerebrum and provides us with functions associated with conscious thought. The grooves and folds increase the cerebrum's surface area, allowing us to have a tremendous amount of gray matter inside of the skull. Deep to the gray matter is the cerebral \"white matter\". The white matter provides for the communication between the cortex and lower central nervous system centers. The cerebellum is located near the base of the head. It creates automatic programs so we can make complex movements without thinking. The brain stem connects the brain with the spinal cord and is composed of 3 structures: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brain stem provides us with automatic functions that are necessary for survival."
  39 + },
  40 + {
  41 + "_id": "1106",
  42 + "_ImageId": "3380",
  43 + "_Title": "Cardiac conduction system",
  44 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3380.flv",
  45 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3380.jpg",
  46 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  47 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  48 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  49 + "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the cardiac conduction system, a group of specialized muscle cells that signal the rest of the heart to contract. An ECG tracing is shown in tandem with a normal heartbeat.",
  50 + "_LowerSummary": "The cardiac conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing CAData to contract. The main components of the cardiac conduction system are the SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The SA node (anatomical pacemaker) starts the sequence by causing the atrial muscles to contract. From there, the signal travels to the AV node, through the bundle of HIS, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract. This signal creates an electrical current that can be seen on a graph called an Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)."
  51 + },
  52 + {
  53 + "_id": "1108",
  54 + "_ImageId": "3382",
  55 + "_Title": "Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)",
  56 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3382.flv",
  57 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3382.jpg",
  58 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  59 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  60 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
  61 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedure in which a portion of vein is grafted on the heart to reroute blood from a blocked section of a coronary artery.",
  62 + "_LowerSummary": "Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is an invasive procedure that involves taking a section of vein from the leg and grafting CAData onto a location on the heart, which allows blood to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery.The procedure begins with the surgeon making a cut in the leg and removing a section of vein. Both ends of the vein are tied-off in the leg and the cut is closed. The chest is opened and the blood is rerouted through a heart-lung machine. The heart is then stopped.The surgeon locates the blocked coronary artery and attaches the section of vein taken from the leg to the aorta and to the coronary artery below the blocked segment of the artery. The surgeon may do as many bypasses on as many blocked coronary arteries as the patient needs.Once each bypass graft is placed, CAData is checked for leaks. Following this, the heart is restarted. Once the heart is beating again, the surgeon will remove its attachments to the heart-lung machine and sew the openings closed. Following this the chest is closed. A pacemaker may be inserted during the procedure to help control any heart rhythm problems the patient may have."
  63 + },
  64 + {
  65 + "_id": "1109",
  66 + "_ImageId": "3383",
  67 + "_Title": "Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA)",
  68 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3383.flv",
  69 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3383.jpg",
  70 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  71 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  72 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
  73 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) procedure performed to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries by a tiny spinning cutter that slices away plaque lesions and stores them to be withdrawn.",
  74 + "_LowerSummary": "Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries and allow more blood to flow to the heart muscle and ease the pain caused by blockages.The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a catheter designed for lesion cutting is advanced across the blockage site. A low-pressure balloon, which is attached to the catheter adjacent to the cutter, is inflated such that the lesion material is exposed to the cutter.The cutter spins, cutting away pieces of the blockage. These lesion pieces are stored in a section of the catheter called a nosecone, and removed after the intervention is complete. Together with rotation of the catheter, the balloon can be deflated and re-inflated to cut the blockage in any direction, allowing for uniform debulking.A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. After the intervention is completed the doctor injects contrast media and takes a x-ray to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
  75 + },
  76 + {
  77 + "_id": "1111",
  78 + "_ImageId": "3384",
  79 + "_Title": "Egg cell production",
  80 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3384.flv",
  81 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3384.jpg",
  82 + "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
  83 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  84 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  85 + "_Summary": "This animation depicts the maturation of egg cells within ovary and illustrates the role of hormones in menstruation and egg cell fertilization and implantation.",
  86 + "_LowerSummary": "All of the immature egg cells (oocytes) a woman will ever produce are stored in the ovaries by the time she is born. The average age that girls begin to menstruate is 12 years old. Each menstrual cycle occurs approximately every 28 days. During each cycle, hormonal messages from the brain cause the ovaries to develop a single mature egg cell for potential fertilization, even as other hormones instruct the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for nourishing the fertilized egg cell. The cycle starts when a follicle grows within one of the ovaries. A follicle is composed of the developing egg cell and the support cells that surround and nourish CAData. On day 1 of the cycle, a small structure in the brain, the pituitary gland, releases two hormones, FSH and LH, both of which cause the follicle to begin growing.Over the next 13 days, the growing follicle releases estrogen, a hormone that prepares the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg cell. Meanwhile, the estrogen in the bloodstream causes the brain to release a surge of LH. In response to the LH surge, the follicle enlarges rapidly. On day 14, CAData ruptures and releases the egg cell in a process known as ovulation. The ruptured follicle begins secreting the hormone progesterone, which also helps to prepare the uterine lining for a fertilized egg cell. The egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube entrance by its waving structures called fimbriae.Once the egg cell is within the fallopian tube, CAData will either be fertilized by a sperm cell, or fertilization will fail to take place. If the egg cell is not fertilized within 24 hours after its release from the ovary, CAData will stop developing and will dissolve before reaching the uterus. The absence of a fertilized egg cell gradually causes a woman's body to stop releasing the hormones that would otherwise prepare the uterus for the developing egg cell. In response, the uterus sheds its lining on days 24 through 28 during menstruation. If a sperm does fertilize the egg cell, tiny hair-like cells called cilia will transport CAData towards the uterus. The fertilized egg now called a blastocyst, lodges in the uterine wall in a process called implantation to receive nourishment from the uterine lining. The remaining cells of the ruptured follicle in the ovary produce progesterone so that the uterine lining will stay rich in blood vessels, and the fertilized egg cell will survive."
  87 + },
  88 + {
  89 + "_id": "1113",
  90 + "_ImageId": "3386",
  91 + "_Title": "Endocrine glands - general overview",
  92 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3386.flv",
  93 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3386.jpg",
  94 + "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Nervous",
  95 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
  96 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology",
  97 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the glands of the endocrine system, specifically enlarging the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas. A communication path within the neuroendocrine system is also shown.",
  98 + "_LowerSummary": "The endocrine system is primarily composed of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the thymus, and the adrenal glands. Other glands are also included within the endocrine system since they contain endocrine tissue that secretes hormones such as the pancreas, ovaries and testes.The endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together. The brain continuously sends instructions to the endocrine system, and in return receives feedback from the endocrine glands. Because of this intimate relationship, the nervous and endocrine systems are referred to as the neuroendocrine system.The hypothalamus is known as the master switchboard because CAData's the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system. The pituitary gland, which hangs by a thin stalk from the hypothalamus, is called the master gland of the body because CAData regulates the activity of the endocrine glands.The hypothalamus detects the rising level of the target organ's hormones then sends either hormonal or electrical messages to the pituitary gland. In response, the pituitary gland releases hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to a target endocrine gland, instructing CAData to stop producing its hormones.The endocrine system constantly adjusts hormone levels so that the body can function normally. This process is called homeostasis."
  99 + },
  100 + {
  101 + "_id": "1114",
  102 + "_ImageId": "3387",
  103 + "_Title": "Enlarged prostate gland (BPH)",
  104 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3387.flv",
  105 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3387.jpg",
  106 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive, Urinary",
  107 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  108 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Geriatrics, Urology",
  109 + "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the prostate gland and its surrounding structures and shows the effects of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).",
  110 + "_LowerSummary": "The prostate gland is located underneath the bladder and is about the size of a chestnut. Part of the urethra is encased within the prostate gland. As a man ages, the prostate typically enlarges in size in a process called benign hypertrophy (non-cancerous enlargement).The enlarged prostate crowds its surrounding structures and may cause the urethra to narrow. The narrowed urethra results in several of the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Symptoms may include a slowed or delayed start in urination, the need to urinate frequently during the night, difficulty in emptying the bladder, a strong, sudden urge to urinate, and incontinence. Less than half of all men with BPH have symptoms of the disease, or their symptoms are minor and do not restrict their life style.BPH is a normal physiological process of aging and treatment options are available. The choice of the appropriate treatment is based on the severity of the symptoms, the extent to which they effect lifestyle, and the presence of other medical conditions. Men with BPH should consult with their physician yearly to monitor the progression of the symptoms and decide the best course of treatment as needed."
  111 + },
  112 + {
  113 + "_id": "1115",
  114 + "_ImageId": "3388",
  115 + "_Title": "Fetal development - interactive tool",
  116 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3388.swf",
  117 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3388.jpg",
  118 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  119 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
  120 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  121 + "_Summary": "This animation enables you to see the development of an embryo and fetus by dragging timed slider bars located in the interactive tool.",
  122 + "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag a slider bar underneath an image window to see the process of embryonic and fetal development."
  123 + },
  124 + {
  125 + "_id": "1116",
  126 + "_ImageId": "3389",
  127 + "_Title": "Formation of twins",
  128 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3389.flv",
  129 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3389.jpg",
  130 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  131 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  132 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  133 + "_Summary": "This animation shows the differences between the development of a single baby, identical twins, and non-identical twins.",
  134 + "_LowerSummary": "Twins occur in about 1% of all pregnancies in which 30% are identical (maternal, monozygotic) twins and 70% are non-identical (fraternal, dizygotic) twins.A single baby is formed when an egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell to form a zygote. The zygote divides to form a structure composed of hundreds of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterine lining and will grow into a single baby.Identical twins start out from a single fertilized egg cell (zygote). Unlike a single baby, the fertilized egg cell will split into two separate embryos during the two-cell stage (day 2), early blastocyst stage (day 4), or late blastocyst stage (day 6).The stage at which the egg cell splits determines how the twins will implant in the uterine lining, and whether or not they share an amnion, chorion, and placenta. The earlier the splitting occurs, the more independently the twins will develop in the uterus. Twins that split during the late blastocyst stage will share an amnion, chorion, and amniotic sac.Non-identical twins develop from two fertilized egg cells (zygotes). During ovulation, two egg cells are released and fertilized by two different sperm cells. Non-identical twin embryos develop separately each having their own chorion, amnion, and placenta."
  135 + },
  136 + {
  137 + "_id": "1117",
  138 + "_ImageId": "3390",
  139 + "_Title": "Gas exchange",
  140 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3390.flv",
  141 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3390.jpg",
  142 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Respiratory",
  143 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  144 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology, Respiratory Therapy",
  145 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the passage of air and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs on both a gross and microscopic level.",
  146 + "_LowerSummary": "Air first enters the body through the mouth or nose, quickly moves to the pharynx (throat), passes through the larynx (voice box), enters the trachea, which branches into a left and right bronchus within the lungs and further divides into smaller and smaller branches called bronchioles. The smallest bronchioles end in tiny air sacs, called alveoli, which inflate during inhalation, and deflate during exhalation.Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli.The walls of the alveoli actually share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide to move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide molecules in the alveoli are blown out of the body with the next exhalation."
  147 + },
  148 + {
  149 + "_id": "1118",
  150 + "_ImageId": "3391",
  151 + "_Title": "Heartbeat",
  152 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3391.flv",
  153 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3391.jpg",
  154 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  155 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  156 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  157 + "_Summary": "This animation follows the passage of blood through the heart's chambers and valves.",
  158 + "_LowerSummary": "The heart is a four-chambered organ with four main vessels, which either bring blood to or carry blood away from the heart. The four chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.The great vessels of the heart include:<ul><li>Superior and inferior vena cava (brings blood from the body to the right atrium)</li><li>Pulmonary artery (transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs)</li><li>Aorta (the body's largest artery, which transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body)</li></ul>A series of one-way valves keep the blood flowing in one direction with every heartbeat. Blood first enters the heart into the right atrium then passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the muscular force pushes blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery. Blood then travels to the lungs, where CAData receives oxygen. Next, CAData drains out of the lungs via the pulmonary veins, and travels to the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood is forced through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the major muscular pump that sends the blood out to the body systems. When the left ventricle contracts, CAData forces the blood through the aortic semilunar valves and into the aorta. The aorta and its branches carry blood to all the tissues of the body."
  159 + },
  160 + {
  161 + "_id": "1120",
  162 + "_ImageId": "3393",
  163 + "_Title": "Lymphatics and the breast",
  164 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3393.flv",
  165 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3393.jpg",
  166 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Lymphatic",
  167 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Head and Neck, Pelvis and Perineum, Thorax",
  168 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Oncology (Cancer), Physiology",
  169 + "_Summary": "This animation discusses and depicts several aspects of the lymphatic system including a microscopic view of lymph formation, edema, breast lymphatics and the spread of breast cancer.",
  170 + "_LowerSummary": "The lymphatic system is often referred to as the body's \"secondary circulatory system\". The lymphatic system collects excess fluid in the body's tissues and returns CAData to the bloodstream.Lymph formation occurs at the microscopic level. During the exchange of fluid and molecules between the blood circulation and body tissues, blood capillaries may not reabsorb all of the fluid. Surrounding lymphatic capillaries absorb the excess fluid. The fluid is then filtered and transported back by the lymphatic system into large veins near the heart.The lymphatic system can play a very worrisome role in the spread of breast cancer. Components of the lymphatic system called lymph nodes are distributed at specific locations throughout the body. There is also an extensive network of lymphatic vessels in every woman's breast tissue, which is important in regulating the local fluid balance as well as in filtering out harmful substances.The lymph vessels in the breast may inadvertently supply cancerous cells with access to a highway along which the cancerous cells can move to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis and may result in the formation of a secondary cancer mass in a different location of the body. Regular breast self examinations can help to detect tumors earlier in their growth, hopefully before they spread quickly or metastasize."
  171 + },
  172 + {
  173 + "_id": "1121",
  174 + "_ImageId": "3394",
  175 + "_Title": "Menstrual cycle - interactive tool",
  176 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3394.swf",
  177 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3394.jpg",
  178 + "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
  179 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
  180 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  181 + "_Summary": "This interactive animation shows the changes that occur during the menstrual cycle to hormone levels, body temperature, an ovary, and lining of the uterus.",
  182 + "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag the slider bar to see changes that occur during a normal 28 day menstrual cycle."
  183 + },
  184 + {
  185 + "_id": "1122",
  186 + "_ImageId": "3395",
  187 + "_Title": "Nerve conduction - general overview",
  188 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3395.flv",
  189 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3395.jpg",
  190 + "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
  191 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Body Wall and Back, Head and Neck, Thorax, Upper Limb",
  192 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
  193 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the nervous system and shows the process in which nerve impulses are transmitted.",
  194 + "_LowerSummary": "The nervous system is composed of two divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and the spinal cord and the PNS consists of thousands of nerves that connect the spinal cord to muscles and sensory receptors.A peripheral nerve is composed of nerve bundles (fascicles) that contain hundreds of individual nerve fibers (neurons). Neurons consist of dendrites, axon, and cell body. The dendrites are the tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and from special sensory cells that sense the body's surrounding environment. The cell body is the headquarters of the neuron and contains its genetic information in the form of DNA. The axon transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons.Many neurons are insulated like pieces of electrical wire. This insulation protects them and also allows their signals to move faster along the axon. Without this insulation, signals from the brain might never reach the outlying muscle groups in the limbs.The operation of the nervous system depends on the flow of communication between neurons. For an electrical signal to travel between two neurons, CAData must first be converted to a chemical signal, which then crosses a space of about a millionth of an inch wide. The space is called a synapse, and the chemical signal is called a neurotransmitter.Neurotransmitters allow the billions of neurons in the nervous system to communicate with one another, making the nervous system the master communication system of the body."
  195 + },
  196 + {
  197 + "_id": "1124",
  198 + "_ImageId": "3397",
  199 + "_Title": "Peristalsis",
  200 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3397.flv",
  201 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3397.jpg",
  202 + "_BodySystem": "Digestive",
  203 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
  204 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Gastroenterology, Physiology",
  205 + "_Summary": "This animation follows the processing of food through the digestive tract, focusing on the intestinal peristaltic movement (a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves the food mixture down the digestive tract).",
  206 + "_LowerSummary": "Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed. The strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle in the esophagus carry the food to the stomach, where CAData is churned into a liquid mixture called chyme.Next, peristalsis continues in the small intestine where CAData mixes and shifts the chyme back and forth, allowing nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.Peristalsis concludes in the large intestine where water from the undigested food material is absorbed into the bloodstream. Finally, the remaining waste products are excreted from the body through the rectum and anus."
  207 + },
  208 + {
  209 + "_id": "1126",
  210 + "_ImageId": "3399",
  211 + "_Title": "Sperm production and pathway of ejaculation",
  212 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3399.flv",
  213 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3399.jpg",
  214 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  215 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  216 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology",
  217 + "_Summary": "This animation highlights the structures of the male reproductive system and the pathway of ejaculate. A testicle is sectioned and enlarged to depict its internal anatomy, including a microscopic view of individual sperm.",
  218 + "_LowerSummary": "Sperm are produced, stored, and delivered by the male reproductive system. The male reproductive system includes the testes, urethra, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and penis.The testes contain coiled structures called seminiferous tubules, which are the sites of sperm production. They produce over 12 billion sperm per month. The epididymis lies on top of the seminiferous tubules. Immature sperm migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to mature and be stored. The migration process usually takes about 20 days. Before intercourse, the penis fills with blood and becomes erect. With sufficient stimulation, the ejaculatory process begins.The mature sperm travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a narrow, muscular tube about 18 inches long. Its smooth muscle contractions propel the sperm forward. They arrive first at the ampulla, the widest part of the vas deferens, and then pass into the ejaculatory ducts. In the ejaculatory ducts, a liquid secretion from the seminal vesicles mixes with the sperm. Seminal fluid contains fructose sugar, which the sperm use as fuel as well as alkalines, which help to counteract the naturally acidic environment of the vagina and uterus providing the sperm a better chance for survival.The liquid mixture is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra, passing first through the prostate gland, where milky prostatic fluid is added, forming the substance we call semen. The prostatic fluid helps the sperm swim faster, which is important for getting to the egg cell.Finally, about a teaspoon of semen is ejected out (ejaculated) through the far end of the urethra at the end of the penis. From the time the sperm leave the man's body, they have between 12 and 48 hours to find and fertilize the egg cell, assuming an egg is available. Of the 300 million sperm ejaculated, only about 200 or so will survive to reach the egg cell and only one will succeed in fertilizing CAData."
  219 + },
  220 + {
  221 + "_id": "1127",
  222 + "_ImageId": "3400",
  223 + "_Title": "Stroke",
  224 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3400.flv",
  225 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3400.jpg",
  226 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  227 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
  228 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
  229 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a stroke resulting by an embolism traveling from an internal carotid artery and lodging within a cerebral artery in the brain.",
  230 + "_LowerSummary": "A stroke may occur if an embolism travels from another part of the body and lodges within an artery in the brain. When an internal arterial wall becomes damaged, various types of emboli can form, such as one derived from platlets, thrombotic, cholesterol, or mixed. In this example, an embolism is formed in the internal carotid artery, breaks loose, travels towards the brain and lodges in a cerebral artery. The blocked artery deprives the brain of oxygen, damaging the surrounding brain tissue. The result is a stroke."
  231 + },
  232 + {
  233 + "_id": "1128",
  234 + "_ImageId": "3401",
  235 + "_Title": "Stroke - secondary to cardiogenic embolism",
  236 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3401.flv",
  237 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3401.jpg",
  238 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  239 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
  240 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
  241 + "_Summary": "This animations shows a piece of clot breaking away from the heart, travelling to the brain, resulting in a stroke.",
  242 + "_LowerSummary": "A blood clot, or embolus, can form and break-off from the heart. The clot travels through the bloodstream where CAData can lodge in an artery of the brain, blocking the flow of blood. The lack of oxygen results in damage, destruction, or even tissue death of the brain beyond the affected area. The result is a stroke."
  243 + },
  244 + {
  245 + "_id": "1119",
  246 + "_ImageId": "3392",
  247 + "_Title": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)",
  248 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3392.flv",
  249 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3392.jpg",
  250 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  251 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN)",
  252 + "_Summary": "This animations shows the process of Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a procedure used to fertilize an egg cell outside of the body.",
  253 + "_LowerSummary": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or ICSI, is a form of in vitro fertilization in which fertilization occurs outside of the body. First, egg cells are harvested and transferred to a special media in a laboratory dish. Within a few hours, a single sperm is injected through a fine needle into the center of an egg cell to aid in the process of fertilization. If successful, the cell will divide and form the beginning stages of an embryo. If necessary, the DNA of a single cell from an embryo may be checked to ensure that various genetic disorders are not present. Typically, several egg cells are harvested and fertilized at the same time then inserted back into the uterus to increase the chances that one will implant and develop into a successful pregnancy."
  254 + },
  255 + {
  256 + "_id": "1123",
  257 + "_ImageId": "3396",
  258 + "_Title": "Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)",
  259 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3396.flv",
  260 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3396.jpg",
  261 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  262 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  263 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
  264 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries by inflating a tiny balloon to compress the plaque against the walls of the artery, flattening CAData out so that blood can once again flow through the blood vessel freely.",
  265 + "_LowerSummary": "Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle.The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a balloon catheter is advanced to the blockage site. The balloon is inflated for a few seconds to compress the blockage against the artery wall. Then the balloon is deflated.The doctor may repeat this a few times, each time pumping up the balloon a little more to widen the passage for the blood to flow through. This treatment may be repeated at each blocked site in the coronary arteries. A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. Once the compression has been performed, contrast media is injected and a x-ray is taken to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
  266 + },
  267 + {
  268 + "_id": "1125",
  269 + "_ImageId": "3398",
  270 + "_Title": "Sexual differentiation",
  271 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3398.flv",
  272 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3398.jpg",
  273 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  274 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  275 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology",
  276 + "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the development of the external sex organs in a female and male fetus.",
  277 + "_LowerSummary": "A baby's sex is determined at the time of conception. When a baby is conceived, the X or Y chromosome carried by the sperm cell fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell. The chromosome combination determines whether the baby will be female or male. An XX combination means the baby will be a girl and XY means CAData will be a boy.Even though gender is determined at conception, the fetus doesn't develop its external sexual organs until the fourth month of pregnancy. At seven weeks after conception, the front of the fetus appears to be sexually indifferent, looking neither like a female or a male.Over the next five weeks, the fetus begins producing hormones that cause its sex organs to grow into either female or male organs. This process is called sexual differentiation. If the fetus is female, CAData will produce hormones called estrogens. If the fetus is a male, CAData will produce hormones called androgens. Hormones will instruct a common structure called the genital tubercle to either form the clitoris in the female or the penis in the male. The clitoris and penis are called sexual analogs because they originate from the same structure."
  278 + },
  279 + {
  280 + "_id": "1129",
  281 + "_ImageId": "3402",
  282 + "_Title": "Vasectomy",
  283 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3402.flv",
  284 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3402.jpg",
  285 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  286 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  287 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "General Surgery",
  288 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a vasectomy procedure.",
  289 + "_LowerSummary": "A vasectomy is a procedure to cause permanent sterility in a man by preventing the transport of sperm out of the testes. A small incision is made in the scrotum and each vas deferens is tied off and cut apart preventing sperm from being released within the ejaculate. The small skin incision is stitched closed and the surgery does not affect a man's sexual function."
  290 + },
  291 + {
  292 + "_id": "1131",
  293 + "_ImageId": "3404",
  294 + "_Title": "Hearing and the cochlea",
  295 + "_Video": "ca_vid_3404.flv",
  296 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3404.jpg",
  297 + "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
  298 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
  299 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Otolaryngology (ENT), Physiology",
  300 + "_Summary": "This animation shows the various structures of the ear and the process of hearing.",
  301 + "_LowerSummary": "As sound waves entering the ear, they travel through the outer ear, the external auditory canal, and strike the eardrum causing CAData to vibrate. The central part of the eardrum is connected to a small bone of the middle ear called the malleus (hammer). As the malleus vibrates, CAData transmits the sound vibrations to the other two small bones or ossicles of the middle ear, the incus and stapes. As the stapes moves, CAData pushes a structure called the oval window in and out. This action is passed onto the cochlea, which is a fluid-filled snail-like structure that contains the receptor organ for hearing. The cochlea contains the spiral organ of Corti, which is the receptor organ for hearing. It consists of tiny hair cells that translate the fluid vibration of sounds from its surrounding ducts into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves. As the stapes rocks back and forth against the oval window, CAData transmits pressure waves of sound through the fluid of the cochlea, sending the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct into motion. The fibers near the cochlear apex resonate to lower frequency sound while fibers near the oval window response to higher frequency sound."
  302 + }
  303 + ]
311 304 }
312 305 }
... ...
400-SOURCECODE/AIAHTML5.Web/content/data/json/ca/ca_dat_contentlist_mp4link.json
  View file @c08be33
1 1 {
2 2 "root": {
3   - "CAData": [{
4   - "_id": "1103",
5   - "_ImageId": "3377",
6   - "_Title": "Blood clotting",
7   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200077/200077.mp4",
8   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3377.jpg",
9   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
10   - "_BodyRegion": "Upper Limb",
11   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
12   - "_Summary": "This animation depicts the process of blood clotting in an enlarged view of a small artery. Cells shown include red blood cells, platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors.",
13   - "_LowerSummary": "The body contains a natural process to stop bleeding from minor cuts in a matter of several minutes. When a small artery is cut, the collagen fibers in its tissue are exposed, which signals the clotting process to begin. As platelets begin to adhere to the cut edges, they release chemicals to attract even more platelets. Eventually a platelet plug is formed, and the external bleeding stops. Clotting factors in the blood cause strands of blood-borne material, called fibrin, to stick together and seal the inside of the wound. Eventually, the cut blood vessel heals, and the blood clot dissolves after several days."
14   - }, {
15   - "_id": "1104",
16   - "_ImageId": "3378",
17   - "_Title": "Blood pressure",
18   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200079/200079.mp4",
19   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3378.jpg",
20   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
21   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
22   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
23   - "_Summary": "This animation defines normal blood pressure and the measurement of systole and diastole. Structures shown include a front-view of the heart beating, a cut-view of the heart beating, and blood flowing through a small artery.",
24   - "_LowerSummary": "Normal blood pressure is important for proper blood flow to the body's organs and tissues. Blood pressure moves from high pressure near the heart to low pressure away from the heart. The force of the blood on the walls of the arteries is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured both as the heart contracts, which is called systole, and as CAData relaxes, which is called diastole. Normal blood pressure is considered to be a systolic blood pressure of 115 millimeters of mercury and a diastolic pressure of 70 millimeters of mercury (stated as \"115 over 70\"). If an individual were to have a consistent blood pressure reading of 140 over 90, he would be evaluated for having high blood pressure. If left untreated, high blood pressure can damage important organs, such as the brain and kidneys as well as lead to a stroke."
25   - }, {
26   - "_id": "1105",
27   - "_ImageId": "3379",
28   - "_Title": "Brain components",
29   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200008/200008.mp4",
30   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3379.jpg",
31   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
32   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
33   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
34   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the major sections of the brain and explains their primary functions.",
35   - "_LowerSummary": "The brain is composed of more than a thousand million neurons. Specific groups of them, working in concert, provide us with the capacity to reason, to experience feelings, and to understand the world. They also give us the capacity to remember numerous pieces of information. The 3 major components of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres, each composed of a frontal, temporal,parietal, and occipital lobes. The cerebral cortex (gray matter) is the outside portion of the cerebrum and provides us with functions associated with conscious thought. The grooves and folds increase the cerebrum's surface area, allowing us to have a tremendous amount of gray matter inside of the skull. Deep to the gray matter is the cerebral \"white matter\". The white matter provides for the communication between the cortex and lower central nervous system centers. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cerebellum is located near the base of the head. It creates automatic programs so we can make complex movements without thinking. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The brain stem connects the brain with the spinal cord and is composed of 3 structures: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brain stem provides us with automatic functions that are necessary for survival."
36   - }, {
37   - "_id": "1106",
38   - "_ImageId": "3380",
39   - "_Title": "Cardiac conduction system",
40   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200080/200080.mp4",
41   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3380.jpg",
42   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
43   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
44   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
45   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the cardiac conduction system, a group of specialized muscle cells that signal the rest of the heart to contract. An ECG tracing is shown in tandem with a normal heartbeat.",
46   - "_LowerSummary": "The cardiac conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing CAData to contract. The main components of the cardiac conduction system are the SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The SA node (anatomical pacemaker) starts the sequence by causing the atrial muscles to contract. From there, the signal travels to the AV node, through the bundle of HIS, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract. This signal creates an electrical current that can be seen on a graph called an Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)."
47   - }, {
48   - "_id": "1130",
49   - "_ImageId": "3403",
50   - "_Title": "Low back pain",
51   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3403.flv",
52   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3403.jpg",
53   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous, Skeletal",
54   - "_BodyRegion": "Body Wall and Back, Pelvis and Perineum, Thorax",
55   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Chiropractic, Orthopedics, Osteopathy, Sports Medicine",
56   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates various parts of the spine and potential causes of low back pain.",
57   - "_LowerSummary": "The vertebral column, also called the spine, provides support for the trunk of the body, protects the spinal cord, and provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back and trunk.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The spine has 4 natural curves. This \"S\" shape allows for CAData to act more like a spring for the body rather than a straight stiff rod and helps to provide resilience for bearing the weight and motion of the body.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The vertebral column consists of 5 major divisions:<ol><li>7 cervical vertebrae</li><li>12 thoracic vertebrae</li><li>5 lumbar vertebrae</li><li>Sacrum</li><li>Coccyx</li></ol><BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Located between the individual vertebrae are cushions called intervertebral discs. These discs act like shock absorbers during physical activity such as walking, jumping, or lifting, and allow the spine to extend and flex.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Each vertebra and disc is named by its division and order. For example, the first lumbar vertebra is called \"L1\", the second is called \"L2\" and the disc in between is called the \"L1 - L2 intervertebral disc\". The lumbar portion of the spine supports most of the body's weight and is the most common area for back pain.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The vertebrae are designed to help protect the spinal cord and the spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the various parts of the body. The protection of the spinal cord and its nerves are important for maintaining good body function and health. Each intervertebral disc consists of 2 parts. The center of the disc is called the nucleus pulposus, which acts like a rubber ball to provide cushioning during compression. The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by a tough fibrous outer covering called the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus protects the nucleus pulposus and keeps its jelly-like material contained within the disc.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Over time or as a result of injury, the outer covering of the disc may wear out or become torn. If this happens, the center jelly-like material may bulge out and put pressure on a nearby spinal nerve. The protrusion or rupturing of a disc is often called a \"slipped disc\". This condition may result in severe pain or even limit motion and your ability to do certain physical activities. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Other common causes of low back pain are:<ul><li>Narrowing of the spinal canal, also called spinal stenosis </li><li>Small fractures to the vertebral bodies</li><li>Strains or tears of the muscles, tendons, or ligaments that support the spine</li><li>Poor alignment of the vertebrae</li><li>Spasms of the muscles in the back</li></ul><BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Various treatments are available for low back pain, including medication, physical therapy, chiropractic treatments, acupuncture, massage therapy, and surgery. However, the best medicine of all is prevention through proper exercise, keeping good posture during working and resting times, and maintaining healthy living habits."
58   - }, {
59   - "_id": "1107",
60   - "_ImageId": "3381",
61   - "_Title": "Conception - interactive tool",
62   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3381.swf",
63   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3381.jpg",
64   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
65   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
66   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
67   - "_Summary": "This interactive animation takes you on a journey through the female reproductive system to see the processes of ovulation, fertilization and implantation of a fertilized egg (zygote).",
68   - "_LowerSummary": "Click a circle in the \"Navigation\" box to travel to a particular section of the female reproductive system.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/> At each section, select the \"Click here to play animation\" to see an action occur that leads to the successful conception of a fertilized egg."
69   - }, {
70   - "_id": "1108",
71   - "_ImageId": "3382",
72   - "_Title": "Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)",
73   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200138/200138.mp4",
74   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3382.jpg",
75   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
76   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
77   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
78   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedure in which a portion of vein is grafted on the heart to reroute blood from a blocked section of a coronary artery.",
79   - "_LowerSummary": "Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is an invasive procedure that involves taking a section of vein from the leg and grafting CAData onto a location on the heart, which allows blood to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The procedure begins with the surgeon making a cut in the leg and removing a section of vein. Both ends of the vein are tied-off in the leg and the cut is closed. The chest is opened and the blood is rerouted through a heart-lung machine. The heart is then stopped.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The surgeon locates the blocked coronary artery and attaches the section of vein taken from the leg to the aorta and to the coronary artery below the blocked segment of the artery. The surgeon may do as many bypasses on as many blocked coronary arteries as the patient needs.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Once each bypass graft is placed, CAData is checked for leaks. Following this, the heart is restarted. Once the heart is beating again, the surgeon will remove its attachments to the heart-lung machine and sew the openings closed. Following this the chest is closed. A pacemaker may be inserted during the procedure to help control any heart rhythm problems the patient may have."
80   - }, {
81   - "_id": "1109",
82   - "_ImageId": "3383",
83   - "_Title": "Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA)",
84   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200139/200139.mp4",
85   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3383.jpg",
86   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
87   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
88   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
89   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) procedure performed to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries by a tiny spinning cutter that slices away plaque lesions and stores them to be withdrawn.",
90   - "_LowerSummary": "Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries and allow more blood to flow to the heart muscle and ease the pain caused by blockages.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a catheter designed for lesion cutting is advanced across the blockage site. A low-pressure balloon, which is attached to the catheter adjacent to the cutter, is inflated such that the lesion material is exposed to the cutter.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cutter spins, cutting away pieces of the blockage. These lesion pieces are stored in a section of the catheter called a nosecone, and removed after the intervention is complete. Together with rotation of the catheter, the balloon can be deflated and re-inflated to cut the blockage in any direction, allowing for uniform debulking.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. After the intervention is completed the doctor injects contrast media and takes a x-ray to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
91   - }, {
92   - "_id": "1111",
93   - "_ImageId": "3384",
94   - "_Title": "Egg cell production",
95   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200115/200115.mp4",
96   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3384.jpg",
97   - "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
98   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
99   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
100   - "_Summary": "This animation depicts the maturation of egg cells within ovary and illustrates the role of hormones in menstruation and egg cell fertilization and implantation.",
101   - "_LowerSummary": "All of the immature egg cells (oocytes) a woman will ever produce are stored in the ovaries by the time she is born. The average age that girls begin to menstruate is 12 years old. Each menstrual cycle occurs approximately every 28 days. During each cycle, hormonal messages from the brain cause the ovaries to develop a single mature egg cell for potential fertilization, even as other hormones instruct the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for nourishing the fertilized egg cell. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cycle starts when a follicle grows within one of the ovaries. A follicle is composed of the developing egg cell and the support cells that surround and nourish CAData. On day 1 of the cycle, a small structure in the brain, the pituitary gland, releases two hormones, FSH and LH, both of which cause the follicle to begin growing.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Over the next 13 days, the growing follicle releases estrogen, a hormone that prepares the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg cell. Meanwhile, the estrogen in the bloodstream causes the brain to release a surge of LH. In response to the LH surge, the follicle enlarges rapidly. On day 14, CAData ruptures and releases the egg cell in a process known as ovulation. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The ruptured follicle begins secreting the hormone progesterone, which also helps to prepare the uterine lining for a fertilized egg cell. The egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube entrance by its waving structures called fimbriae.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Once the egg cell is within the fallopian tube, CAData will either be fertilized by a sperm cell, or fertilization will fail to take place. If the egg cell is not fertilized within 24 hours after its release from the ovary, CAData will stop developing and will dissolve before reaching the uterus. The absence of a fertilized egg cell gradually causes a woman's body to stop releasing the hormones that would otherwise prepare the uterus for the developing egg cell. In response, the uterus sheds its lining on days 24 through 28 during menstruation. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>If a sperm does fertilize the egg cell, tiny hair-like cells called cilia will transport CAData towards the uterus. The fertilized egg now called a blastocyst, lodges in the uterine wall in a process called implantation to receive nourishment from the uterine lining. The remaining cells of the ruptured follicle in the ovary produce progesterone so that the uterine lining will stay rich in blood vessels, and the fertilized egg cell will survive."
102   - }, {
103   - "_id": "1112",
104   - "_ImageId": "3385",
105   - "_Title": "Electrocardiogram (ECG) - interactive tool",
106   - "_Video": "ca_vid_3385.swf",
107   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3385.jpg",
108   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
109   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
110   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Emergency Medicine, Pathology, Physiology",
111   - "_Summary": "An electrocardiogram (ECG) enables the rhythm of the heart to be viewed in waveform. This interactive animation shows the ECG waveforms for normal sinus rhythm and various conditions of the heart.",
112   - "_LowerSummary": "Click the waveform pull-down list to view various waveforms showing normal and pathological conditions of the heart."
113   - }, {
114   - "_id": "1113",
115   - "_ImageId": "3386",
116   - "_Title": "Endocrine glands - general overview",
117   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200091/200091.mp4",
118   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3386.jpg",
119   - "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Nervous",
120   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
121   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology",
122   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the glands of the endocrine system, specifically enlarging the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas. A communication path within the neuroendocrine system is also shown.",
123   - "_LowerSummary": "The endocrine system is primarily composed of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the thymus, and the adrenal glands. Other glands are also included within the endocrine system since they contain endocrine tissue that secretes hormones such as the pancreas, ovaries and testes.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together. The brain continuously sends instructions to the endocrine system, and in return receives feedback from the endocrine glands. Because of this intimate relationship, the nervous and endocrine systems are referred to as the neuroendocrine system.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The hypothalamus is known as the master switchboard because CAData's the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system. The pituitary gland, which hangs by a thin stalk from the hypothalamus, is called the master gland of the body because CAData regulates the activity of the endocrine glands.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The hypothalamus detects the rising level of the target organ's hormones then sends either hormonal or electrical messages to the pituitary gland. In response, the pituitary gland releases hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to a target endocrine gland, instructing CAData to stop producing its hormones.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The endocrine system constantly adjusts hormone levels so that the body can function normally. This process is called homeostasis."
124   - }, {
125   - "_id": "1114",
126   - "_ImageId": "3387",
127   - "_Title": "Enlarged prostate gland (BPH)",
128   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200003/200003.mp4",
129   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3387.jpg",
130   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive, Urinary",
131   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
132   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Geriatrics, Urology",
133   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the prostate gland and its surrounding structures and shows the effects of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).",
134   - "_LowerSummary": "The prostate gland is located underneath the bladder and is about the size of a chestnut. Part of the urethra is encased within the prostate gland. As a man ages, the prostate typically enlarges in size in a process called benign hypertrophy (non-cancerous enlargement).<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The enlarged prostate crowds its surrounding structures and may cause the urethra to narrow. The narrowed urethra results in several of the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Symptoms may include a slowed or delayed start in urination, the need to urinate frequently during the night, difficulty in emptying the bladder, a strong, sudden urge to urinate, and incontinence. Less than half of all men with BPH have symptoms of the disease, or their symptoms are minor and do not restrict their life style.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>BPH is a normal physiological process of aging and treatment options are available. The choice of the appropriate treatment is based on the severity of the symptoms, the extent to which they effect lifestyle, and the presence of other medical conditions. Men with BPH should consult with their physician yearly to monitor the progression of the symptoms and decide the best course of treatment as needed."
135   - }, {
136   - "_id": "1115",
137   - "_ImageId": "3388",
138   - "_Title": "Fetal development - interactive tool",
139   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200129/200129.mp4",
140   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3388.jpg",
141   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
142   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
143   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
144   - "_Summary": "This animation enables you to see the development of an embryo and fetus by dragging timed slider bars located in the interactive tool.",
145   - "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag a slider bar underneath an image window to see the process of embryonic and fetal development."
146   - }, {
147   - "_id": "1116",
148   - "_ImageId": "3389",
149   - "_Title": "Formation of twins",
150   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200116/200116.mp4",
151   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3389.jpg",
152   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
153   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
154   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
155   - "_Summary": "This animation shows the differences between the development of a single baby, identical twins, and non-identical twins.",
156   - "_LowerSummary": "Twins occur in about 1% of all pregnancies in which 30% are identical (maternal, monozygotic) twins and 70% are non-identical (fraternal, dizygotic) twins.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A single baby is formed when an egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell to form a zygote. The zygote divides to form a structure composed of hundreds of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterine lining and will grow into a single baby.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Identical twins start out from a single fertilized egg cell (zygote). Unlike a single baby, the fertilized egg cell will split into two separate embryos during the two-cell stage (day 2), early blastocyst stage (day 4), or late blastocyst stage (day 6).<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The stage at which the egg cell splits determines how the twins will implant in the uterine lining, and whether or not they share an amnion, chorion, and placenta. The earlier the splitting occurs, the more independently the twins will develop in the uterus. Twins that split during the late blastocyst stage will share an amnion, chorion, and amniotic sac.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Non-identical twins develop from two fertilized egg cells (zygotes). During ovulation, two egg cells are released and fertilized by two different sperm cells. Non-identical twin embryos develop separately each having their own chorion, amnion, and placenta."
157   - }, {
158   - "_id": "1117",
159   - "_ImageId": "3390",
160   - "_Title": "Gas exchange",
161   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200022/200022.mp4",
162   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3390.jpg",
163   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Respiratory",
164   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
165   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology, Respiratory Therapy",
166   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the passage of air and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs on both a gross and microscopic level.",
167   - "_LowerSummary": "Air first enters the body through the mouth or nose, quickly moves to the pharynx (throat), passes through the larynx (voice box), enters the trachea, which branches into a left and right bronchus within the lungs and further divides into smaller and smaller branches called bronchioles. The smallest bronchioles end in tiny air sacs, called alveoli, which inflate during inhalation, and deflate during exhalation.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The walls of the alveoli actually share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide to move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide molecules in the alveoli are blown out of the body with the next exhalation."
168   - }, {
169   - "_id": "1118",
170   - "_ImageId": "3391",
171   - "_Title": "Heartbeat",
172   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200083/200083.mp4",
173   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3391.jpg",
174   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
175   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
176   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
177   - "_Summary": "This animation follows the passage of blood through the heart's chambers and valves.",
178   - "_LowerSummary": "The heart is a four-chambered organ with four main vessels, which either bring blood to or carry blood away from the heart. The four chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The great vessels of the heart include:<ul><li>Superior and inferior vena cava (brings blood from the body to the right atrium)</li><li>Pulmonary artery (transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs)</li><li>Aorta (the body's largest artery, which transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body)</li></ul><BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A series of one-way valves keep the blood flowing in one direction with every heartbeat. Blood first enters the heart into the right atrium then passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the muscular force pushes blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Blood then travels to the lungs, where CAData receives oxygen. Next, CAData drains out of the lungs via the pulmonary veins, and travels to the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood is forced through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the major muscular pump that sends the blood out to the body systems. When the left ventricle contracts, CAData forces the blood through the aortic semilunar valves and into the aorta. The aorta and its branches carry blood to all the tissues of the body."
179   - }, {
180   - "_id": "1120",
181   - "_ImageId": "3393",
182   - "_Title": "Lymphatics and the breast",
183   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200103/200103.mp4",
184   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3393.jpg",
185   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Lymphatic",
186   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Head and Neck, Pelvis and Perineum, Thorax",
187   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Oncology (Cancer), Physiology",
188   - "_Summary": "This animation discusses and depicts several aspects of the lymphatic system including a microscopic view of lymph formation, edema, breast lymphatics and the spread of breast cancer.",
189   - "_LowerSummary": "The lymphatic system is often referred to as the body's \"secondary circulatory system\". The lymphatic system collects excess fluid in the body's tissues and returns CAData to the bloodstream.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Lymph formation occurs at the microscopic level. During the exchange of fluid and molecules between the blood circulation and body tissues, blood capillaries may not reabsorb all of the fluid. Surrounding lymphatic capillaries absorb the excess fluid. The fluid is then filtered and transported back by the lymphatic system into large veins near the heart.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The lymphatic system can play a very worrisome role in the spread of breast cancer. Components of the lymphatic system called lymph nodes are distributed at specific locations throughout the body. There is also an extensive network of lymphatic vessels in every woman's breast tissue, which is important in regulating the local fluid balance as well as in filtering out harmful substances.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The lymph vessels in the breast may inadvertently supply cancerous cells with access to a highway along which the cancerous cells can move to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis and may result in the formation of a secondary cancer mass in a different location of the body. Regular breast self examinations can help to detect tumors earlier in their growth, hopefully before they spread quickly or metastasize."
190   - }, {
191   - "_id": "1121",
192   - "_ImageId": "3394",
193   - "_Title": "Menstrual cycle - interactive tool",
194   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200132/200132.mp4",
195   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3394.jpg",
196   - "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
197   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
198   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
199   - "_Summary": "This interactive animation shows the changes that occur during the menstrual cycle to hormone levels, body temperature, an ovary, and lining of the uterus.",
200   - "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag the slider bar to see changes that occur during a normal 28 day menstrual cycle."
201   - }, {
202   - "_id": "1122",
203   - "_ImageId": "3395",
204   - "_Title": "Nerve conduction - general overview",
205   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200011/200011.mp4",
206   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3395.jpg",
207   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
208   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Body Wall and Back, Head and Neck, Thorax, Upper Limb",
209   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
210   - "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the nervous system and shows the process in which nerve impulses are transmitted.",
211   - "_LowerSummary": "The nervous system is composed of two divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and the spinal cord and the PNS consists of thousands of nerves that connect the spinal cord to muscles and sensory receptors.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A peripheral nerve is composed of nerve bundles (fascicles) that contain hundreds of individual nerve fibers (neurons). Neurons consist of dendrites, axon, and cell body. The dendrites are the tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and from special sensory cells that sense the body's surrounding environment. The cell body is the headquarters of the neuron and contains its genetic information in the form of DNA. The axon transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Many neurons are insulated like pieces of electrical wire. This insulation protects them and also allows their signals to move faster along the axon. Without this insulation, signals from the brain might never reach the outlying muscle groups in the limbs.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The operation of the nervous system depends on the flow of communication between neurons. For an electrical signal to travel between two neurons, CAData must first be converted to a chemical signal, which then crosses a space of about a millionth of an inch wide. The space is called a synapse, and the chemical signal is called a neurotransmitter.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Neurotransmitters allow the billions of neurons in the nervous system to communicate with one another, making the nervous system the master communication system of the body."
212   - }, {
213   - "_id": "1124",
214   - "_ImageId": "3397",
215   - "_Title": "Peristalsis",
216   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200088/200088.mp4",
217   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3397.jpg",
218   - "_BodySystem": "Digestive",
219   - "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
220   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Gastroenterology, Physiology",
221   - "_Summary": "This animation follows the processing of food through the digestive tract, focusing on the intestinal peristaltic movement (a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves the food mixture down the digestive tract).",
222   - "_LowerSummary": "Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed. The strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle in the esophagus carry the food to the stomach, where CAData is churned into a liquid mixture called chyme.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Next, peristalsis continues in the small intestine where CAData mixes and shifts the chyme back and forth, allowing nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Peristalsis concludes in the large intestine where water from the undigested food material is absorbed into the bloodstream. Finally, the remaining waste products are excreted from the body through the rectum and anus."
223   - }, {
224   - "_id": "1126",
225   - "_ImageId": "3399",
226   - "_Title": "Sperm production and pathway of ejaculation",
227   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200019/200019.mp4",
228   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3399.jpg",
229   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
230   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
231   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology",
232   - "_Summary": "This animation highlights the structures of the male reproductive system and the pathway of ejaculate. A testicle is sectioned and enlarged to depict its internal anatomy, including a microscopic view of individual sperm.",
233   - "_LowerSummary": "Sperm are produced, stored, and delivered by the male reproductive system. The male reproductive system includes the testes, urethra, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and penis.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The testes contain coiled structures called seminiferous tubules, which are the sites of sperm production. They produce over 12 billion sperm per month. The epididymis lies on top of the seminiferous tubules. Immature sperm migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to mature and be stored. The migration process usually takes about 20 days. Before intercourse, the penis fills with blood and becomes erect. With sufficient stimulation, the ejaculatory process begins.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The mature sperm travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a narrow, muscular tube about 18 inches long. Its smooth muscle contractions propel the sperm forward. They arrive first at the ampulla, the widest part of the vas deferens, and then pass into the ejaculatory ducts. In the ejaculatory ducts, a liquid secretion from the seminal vesicles mixes with the sperm. Seminal fluid contains fructose sugar, which the sperm use as fuel as well as alkalines, which help to counteract the naturally acidic environment of the vagina and uterus providing the sperm a better chance for survival.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The liquid mixture is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra, passing first through the prostate gland, where milky prostatic fluid is added, forming the substance we call semen. The prostatic fluid helps the sperm swim faster, which is important for getting to the egg cell.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Finally, about a teaspoon of semen is ejected out (ejaculated) through the far end of the urethra at the end of the penis. From the time the sperm leave the man's body, they have between 12 and 48 hours to find and fertilize the egg cell, assuming an egg is available. Of the 300 million sperm ejaculated, only about 200 or so will survive to reach the egg cell and only one will succeed in fertilizing CAData."
234   - }, {
235   - "_id": "1127",
236   - "_ImageId": "3400",
237   - "_Title": "Stroke",
238   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200071/200071.mp4",
239   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3400.jpg",
240   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
241   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
242   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
243   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a stroke resulting by an embolism traveling from an internal carotid artery and lodging within a cerebral artery in the brain.",
244   - "_LowerSummary": "A stroke may occur if an embolism travels from another part of the body and lodges within an artery in the brain. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>When an internal arterial wall becomes damaged, various types of emboli can form, such as one derived from platlets, thrombotic, cholesterol, or mixed. In this example, an embolism is formed in the internal carotid artery, breaks loose, travels towards the brain and lodges in a cerebral artery. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The blocked artery deprives the brain of oxygen, damaging the surrounding brain tissue. The result is a stroke."
245   - }, {
246   - "_id": "1128",
247   - "_ImageId": "3401",
248   - "_Title": "Stroke - secondary to cardiogenic embolism",
249   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200072/200072.mp4",
250   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3401.jpg",
251   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
252   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
253   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
254   - "_Summary": "This animations shows a piece of clot breaking away from the heart, travelling to the brain, resulting in a stroke.",
255   - "_LowerSummary": "A blood clot, or embolus, can form and break-off from the heart. The clot travels through the bloodstream where CAData can lodge in an artery of the brain, blocking the flow of blood. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The lack of oxygen results in damage, destruction, or even tissue death of the brain beyond the affected area. The result is a stroke."
256   - }, {
257   - "_id": "1119",
258   - "_ImageId": "3392",
259   - "_Title": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)",
260   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200061/200061.mp4",
261   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3392.jpg",
262   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
263   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN)",
264   - "_Summary": "This animations shows the process of Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a procedure used to fertilize an egg cell outside of the body.",
265   - "_LowerSummary": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or ICSI, is a form of in vitro fertilization in which fertilization occurs outside of the body. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>First, egg cells are harvested and transferred to a special media in a laboratory dish. Within a few hours, a single sperm is injected through a fine needle into the center of an egg cell to aid in the process of fertilization. If successful, the cell will divide and form the beginning stages of an embryo. If necessary, the DNA of a single cell from an embryo may be checked to ensure that various genetic disorders are not present. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Typically, several egg cells are harvested and fertilized at the same time then inserted back into the uterus to increase the chances that one will implant and develop into a successful pregnancy."
266   - }, {
267   - "_id": "1123",
268   - "_ImageId": "3396",
269   - "_Title": "Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)",
270   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200140/200140.mp4",
271   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3396.jpg",
272   - "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
273   - "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
274   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
275   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries by inflating a tiny balloon to compress the plaque against the walls of the artery, flattening CAData out so that blood can once again flow through the blood vessel freely.",
276   - "_LowerSummary": "Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a balloon catheter is advanced to the blockage site. The balloon is inflated for a few seconds to compress the blockage against the artery wall. Then the balloon is deflated.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The doctor may repeat this a few times, each time pumping up the balloon a little more to widen the passage for the blood to flow through. This treatment may be repeated at each blocked site in the coronary arteries. A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. Once the compression has been performed, contrast media is injected and a x-ray is taken to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
277   - }, {
278   - "_id": "1125",
279   - "_ImageId": "3398",
280   - "_Title": "Sexual differentiation",
281   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200124/200124.mp4",
282   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3398.jpg",
283   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
284   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
285   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology",
286   - "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the development of the external sex organs in a female and male fetus.",
287   - "_LowerSummary": "A baby's sex is determined at the time of conception. When a baby is conceived, the X or Y chromosome carried by the sperm cell fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell. The chromosome combination determines whether the baby will be female or male. An XX combination means the baby will be a girl and XY means CAData will be a boy.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Even though gender is determined at conception, the fetus doesn't develop its external sexual organs until the fourth month of pregnancy. At seven weeks after conception, the front of the fetus appears to be sexually indifferent, looking neither like a female or a male.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Over the next five weeks, the fetus begins producing hormones that cause its sex organs to grow into either female or male organs. This process is called sexual differentiation. If the fetus is female, CAData will produce hormones called estrogens. If the fetus is a male, CAData will produce hormones called androgens. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Hormones will instruct a common structure called the genital tubercle to either form the clitoris in the female or the penis in the male. The clitoris and penis are called sexual analogs because they originate from the same structure."
288   - }, {
289   - "_id": "1129",
290   - "_ImageId": "3402",
291   - "_Title": "Vasectomy",
292   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200076/200076.mp4",
293   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3402.jpg",
294   - "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
295   - "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
296   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "General Surgery",
297   - "_Summary": "This animation shows a vasectomy procedure.",
298   - "_LowerSummary": "A vasectomy is a procedure to cause permanent sterility in a man by preventing the transport of sperm out of the testes. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A small incision is made in the scrotum and each vas deferens is tied off and cut apart preventing sperm from being released within the ejaculate. The small skin incision is stitched closed and the surgery does not affect a man's sexual function."
299   - }, {
300   - "_id": "1131",
301   - "_ImageId": "3404",
302   - "_Title": "Hearing and the cochlea",
303   - "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200057/200057.mp4",
304   - "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3404.jpg",
305   - "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
306   - "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
307   - "_MedicalSpecialty": "Otolaryngology (ENT), Physiology",
308   - "_Summary": "This animation shows the various structures of the ear and the process of hearing.",
309   - "_LowerSummary": "As sound waves entering the ear, they travel through the outer ear, the external auditory canal, and strike the eardrum causing CAData to vibrate. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The central part of the eardrum is connected to a small bone of the middle ear called the malleus (hammer). As the malleus vibrates, CAData transmits the sound vibrations to the other two small bones or ossicles of the middle ear, the incus and stapes. As the stapes moves, CAData pushes a structure called the oval window in and out. This action is passed onto the cochlea, which is a fluid-filled snail-like structure that contains the receptor organ for hearing. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cochlea contains the spiral organ of Corti, which is the receptor organ for hearing. It consists of tiny hair cells that translate the fluid vibration of sounds from its surrounding ducts into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves. As the stapes rocks back and forth against the oval window, CAData transmits pressure waves of sound through the fluid of the cochlea, sending the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct into motion. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The fibers near the cochlear apex resonate to lower frequency sound while fibers near the oval window response to higher frequency sound."
310   - }]
  3 + "CAData": [
  4 + {
  5 + "_id": "1103",
  6 + "_ImageId": "3377",
  7 + "_Title": "Blood clotting",
  8 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200077/200077.mp4",
  9 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3377.jpg",
  10 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  11 + "_BodyRegion": "Upper Limb",
  12 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  13 + "_Summary": "This animation depicts the process of blood clotting in an enlarged view of a small artery. Cells shown include red blood cells, platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors.",
  14 + "_LowerSummary": "The body contains a natural process to stop bleeding from minor cuts in a matter of several minutes. When a small artery is cut, the collagen fibers in its tissue are exposed, which signals the clotting process to begin. As platelets begin to adhere to the cut edges, they release chemicals to attract even more platelets. Eventually a platelet plug is formed, and the external bleeding stops. Clotting factors in the blood cause strands of blood-borne material, called fibrin, to stick together and seal the inside of the wound. Eventually, the cut blood vessel heals, and the blood clot dissolves after several days."
  15 + },
  16 + {
  17 + "_id": "1104",
  18 + "_ImageId": "3378",
  19 + "_Title": "Blood pressure",
  20 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200079/200079.mp4",
  21 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3378.jpg",
  22 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  23 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  24 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  25 + "_Summary": "This animation defines normal blood pressure and the measurement of systole and diastole. Structures shown include a front-view of the heart beating, a cut-view of the heart beating, and blood flowing through a small artery.",
  26 + "_LowerSummary": "Normal blood pressure is important for proper blood flow to the body's organs and tissues. Blood pressure moves from high pressure near the heart to low pressure away from the heart. The force of the blood on the walls of the arteries is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured both as the heart contracts, which is called systole, and as CAData relaxes, which is called diastole. Normal blood pressure is considered to be a systolic blood pressure of 115 millimeters of mercury and a diastolic pressure of 70 millimeters of mercury (stated as \"115 over 70\"). If an individual were to have a consistent blood pressure reading of 140 over 90, he would be evaluated for having high blood pressure. If left untreated, high blood pressure can damage important organs, such as the brain and kidneys as well as lead to a stroke."
  27 + },
  28 + {
  29 + "_id": "1105",
  30 + "_ImageId": "3379",
  31 + "_Title": "Brain components",
  32 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200008/200008.mp4",
  33 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3379.jpg",
  34 + "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
  35 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
  36 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
  37 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the major sections of the brain and explains their primary functions.",
  38 + "_LowerSummary": "The brain is composed of more than a thousand million neurons. Specific groups of them, working in concert, provide us with the capacity to reason, to experience feelings, and to understand the world. They also give us the capacity to remember numerous pieces of information. The 3 major components of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres, each composed of a frontal, temporal,parietal, and occipital lobes. The cerebral cortex (gray matter) is the outside portion of the cerebrum and provides us with functions associated with conscious thought. The grooves and folds increase the cerebrum's surface area, allowing us to have a tremendous amount of gray matter inside of the skull. Deep to the gray matter is the cerebral \"white matter\". The white matter provides for the communication between the cortex and lower central nervous system centers. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cerebellum is located near the base of the head. It creates automatic programs so we can make complex movements without thinking. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The brain stem connects the brain with the spinal cord and is composed of 3 structures: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brain stem provides us with automatic functions that are necessary for survival."
  39 + },
  40 + {
  41 + "_id": "1106",
  42 + "_ImageId": "3380",
  43 + "_Title": "Cardiac conduction system",
  44 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200080/200080.mp4",
  45 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3380.jpg",
  46 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  47 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  48 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  49 + "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the cardiac conduction system, a group of specialized muscle cells that signal the rest of the heart to contract. An ECG tracing is shown in tandem with a normal heartbeat.",
  50 + "_LowerSummary": "The cardiac conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing CAData to contract. The main components of the cardiac conduction system are the SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The SA node (anatomical pacemaker) starts the sequence by causing the atrial muscles to contract. From there, the signal travels to the AV node, through the bundle of HIS, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract. This signal creates an electrical current that can be seen on a graph called an Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)."
  51 + },
  52 + {
  53 + "_id": "1108",
  54 + "_ImageId": "3382",
  55 + "_Title": "Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)",
  56 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200138/200138.mp4",
  57 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3382.jpg",
  58 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  59 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  60 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
  61 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedure in which a portion of vein is grafted on the heart to reroute blood from a blocked section of a coronary artery.",
  62 + "_LowerSummary": "Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is an invasive procedure that involves taking a section of vein from the leg and grafting CAData onto a location on the heart, which allows blood to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The procedure begins with the surgeon making a cut in the leg and removing a section of vein. Both ends of the vein are tied-off in the leg and the cut is closed. The chest is opened and the blood is rerouted through a heart-lung machine. The heart is then stopped.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The surgeon locates the blocked coronary artery and attaches the section of vein taken from the leg to the aorta and to the coronary artery below the blocked segment of the artery. The surgeon may do as many bypasses on as many blocked coronary arteries as the patient needs.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Once each bypass graft is placed, CAData is checked for leaks. Following this, the heart is restarted. Once the heart is beating again, the surgeon will remove its attachments to the heart-lung machine and sew the openings closed. Following this the chest is closed. A pacemaker may be inserted during the procedure to help control any heart rhythm problems the patient may have."
  63 + },
  64 + {
  65 + "_id": "1109",
  66 + "_ImageId": "3383",
  67 + "_Title": "Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA)",
  68 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200139/200139.mp4",
  69 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3383.jpg",
  70 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  71 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  72 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
  73 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) procedure performed to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries by a tiny spinning cutter that slices away plaque lesions and stores them to be withdrawn.",
  74 + "_LowerSummary": "Directional Coronary Atherectomy (DCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove the blockage from the coronary arteries and allow more blood to flow to the heart muscle and ease the pain caused by blockages.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a catheter designed for lesion cutting is advanced across the blockage site. A low-pressure balloon, which is attached to the catheter adjacent to the cutter, is inflated such that the lesion material is exposed to the cutter.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cutter spins, cutting away pieces of the blockage. These lesion pieces are stored in a section of the catheter called a nosecone, and removed after the intervention is complete. Together with rotation of the catheter, the balloon can be deflated and re-inflated to cut the blockage in any direction, allowing for uniform debulking.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. After the intervention is completed the doctor injects contrast media and takes a x-ray to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
  75 + },
  76 + {
  77 + "_id": "1111",
  78 + "_ImageId": "3384",
  79 + "_Title": "Egg cell production",
  80 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200115/200115.mp4",
  81 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3384.jpg",
  82 + "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
  83 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  84 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  85 + "_Summary": "This animation depicts the maturation of egg cells within ovary and illustrates the role of hormones in menstruation and egg cell fertilization and implantation.",
  86 + "_LowerSummary": "All of the immature egg cells (oocytes) a woman will ever produce are stored in the ovaries by the time she is born. The average age that girls begin to menstruate is 12 years old. Each menstrual cycle occurs approximately every 28 days. During each cycle, hormonal messages from the brain cause the ovaries to develop a single mature egg cell for potential fertilization, even as other hormones instruct the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for nourishing the fertilized egg cell. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cycle starts when a follicle grows within one of the ovaries. A follicle is composed of the developing egg cell and the support cells that surround and nourish CAData. On day 1 of the cycle, a small structure in the brain, the pituitary gland, releases two hormones, FSH and LH, both of which cause the follicle to begin growing.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Over the next 13 days, the growing follicle releases estrogen, a hormone that prepares the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg cell. Meanwhile, the estrogen in the bloodstream causes the brain to release a surge of LH. In response to the LH surge, the follicle enlarges rapidly. On day 14, CAData ruptures and releases the egg cell in a process known as ovulation. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The ruptured follicle begins secreting the hormone progesterone, which also helps to prepare the uterine lining for a fertilized egg cell. The egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube entrance by its waving structures called fimbriae.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Once the egg cell is within the fallopian tube, CAData will either be fertilized by a sperm cell, or fertilization will fail to take place. If the egg cell is not fertilized within 24 hours after its release from the ovary, CAData will stop developing and will dissolve before reaching the uterus. The absence of a fertilized egg cell gradually causes a woman's body to stop releasing the hormones that would otherwise prepare the uterus for the developing egg cell. In response, the uterus sheds its lining on days 24 through 28 during menstruation. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>If a sperm does fertilize the egg cell, tiny hair-like cells called cilia will transport CAData towards the uterus. The fertilized egg now called a blastocyst, lodges in the uterine wall in a process called implantation to receive nourishment from the uterine lining. The remaining cells of the ruptured follicle in the ovary produce progesterone so that the uterine lining will stay rich in blood vessels, and the fertilized egg cell will survive."
  87 + },
  88 + {
  89 + "_id": "1113",
  90 + "_ImageId": "3386",
  91 + "_Title": "Endocrine glands - general overview",
  92 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200091/200091.mp4",
  93 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3386.jpg",
  94 + "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Nervous",
  95 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
  96 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology",
  97 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the glands of the endocrine system, specifically enlarging the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas. A communication path within the neuroendocrine system is also shown.",
  98 + "_LowerSummary": "The endocrine system is primarily composed of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the thymus, and the adrenal glands. Other glands are also included within the endocrine system since they contain endocrine tissue that secretes hormones such as the pancreas, ovaries and testes.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together. The brain continuously sends instructions to the endocrine system, and in return receives feedback from the endocrine glands. Because of this intimate relationship, the nervous and endocrine systems are referred to as the neuroendocrine system.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The hypothalamus is known as the master switchboard because CAData's the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system. The pituitary gland, which hangs by a thin stalk from the hypothalamus, is called the master gland of the body because CAData regulates the activity of the endocrine glands.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The hypothalamus detects the rising level of the target organ's hormones then sends either hormonal or electrical messages to the pituitary gland. In response, the pituitary gland releases hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to a target endocrine gland, instructing CAData to stop producing its hormones.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The endocrine system constantly adjusts hormone levels so that the body can function normally. This process is called homeostasis."
  99 + },
  100 + {
  101 + "_id": "1114",
  102 + "_ImageId": "3387",
  103 + "_Title": "Enlarged prostate gland (BPH)",
  104 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200003/200003.mp4",
  105 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3387.jpg",
  106 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive, Urinary",
  107 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  108 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Geriatrics, Urology",
  109 + "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the prostate gland and its surrounding structures and shows the effects of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).",
  110 + "_LowerSummary": "The prostate gland is located underneath the bladder and is about the size of a chestnut. Part of the urethra is encased within the prostate gland. As a man ages, the prostate typically enlarges in size in a process called benign hypertrophy (non-cancerous enlargement).<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The enlarged prostate crowds its surrounding structures and may cause the urethra to narrow. The narrowed urethra results in several of the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Symptoms may include a slowed or delayed start in urination, the need to urinate frequently during the night, difficulty in emptying the bladder, a strong, sudden urge to urinate, and incontinence. Less than half of all men with BPH have symptoms of the disease, or their symptoms are minor and do not restrict their life style.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>BPH is a normal physiological process of aging and treatment options are available. The choice of the appropriate treatment is based on the severity of the symptoms, the extent to which they effect lifestyle, and the presence of other medical conditions. Men with BPH should consult with their physician yearly to monitor the progression of the symptoms and decide the best course of treatment as needed."
  111 + },
  112 + {
  113 + "_id": "1115",
  114 + "_ImageId": "3388",
  115 + "_Title": "Fetal development - interactive tool",
  116 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200129/200129.mp4",
  117 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3388.jpg",
  118 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  119 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
  120 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  121 + "_Summary": "This animation enables you to see the development of an embryo and fetus by dragging timed slider bars located in the interactive tool.",
  122 + "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag a slider bar underneath an image window to see the process of embryonic and fetal development."
  123 + },
  124 + {
  125 + "_id": "1116",
  126 + "_ImageId": "3389",
  127 + "_Title": "Formation of twins",
  128 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200116/200116.mp4",
  129 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3389.jpg",
  130 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  131 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  132 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  133 + "_Summary": "This animation shows the differences between the development of a single baby, identical twins, and non-identical twins.",
  134 + "_LowerSummary": "Twins occur in about 1% of all pregnancies in which 30% are identical (maternal, monozygotic) twins and 70% are non-identical (fraternal, dizygotic) twins.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A single baby is formed when an egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell to form a zygote. The zygote divides to form a structure composed of hundreds of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterine lining and will grow into a single baby.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Identical twins start out from a single fertilized egg cell (zygote). Unlike a single baby, the fertilized egg cell will split into two separate embryos during the two-cell stage (day 2), early blastocyst stage (day 4), or late blastocyst stage (day 6).<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The stage at which the egg cell splits determines how the twins will implant in the uterine lining, and whether or not they share an amnion, chorion, and placenta. The earlier the splitting occurs, the more independently the twins will develop in the uterus. Twins that split during the late blastocyst stage will share an amnion, chorion, and amniotic sac.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Non-identical twins develop from two fertilized egg cells (zygotes). During ovulation, two egg cells are released and fertilized by two different sperm cells. Non-identical twin embryos develop separately each having their own chorion, amnion, and placenta."
  135 + },
  136 + {
  137 + "_id": "1117",
  138 + "_ImageId": "3390",
  139 + "_Title": "Gas exchange",
  140 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200022/200022.mp4",
  141 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3390.jpg",
  142 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Respiratory",
  143 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  144 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology, Respiratory Therapy",
  145 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the passage of air and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs on both a gross and microscopic level.",
  146 + "_LowerSummary": "Air first enters the body through the mouth or nose, quickly moves to the pharynx (throat), passes through the larynx (voice box), enters the trachea, which branches into a left and right bronchus within the lungs and further divides into smaller and smaller branches called bronchioles. The smallest bronchioles end in tiny air sacs, called alveoli, which inflate during inhalation, and deflate during exhalation.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The walls of the alveoli actually share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide to move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide molecules in the alveoli are blown out of the body with the next exhalation."
  147 + },
  148 + {
  149 + "_id": "1118",
  150 + "_ImageId": "3391",
  151 + "_Title": "Heartbeat",
  152 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200083/200083.mp4",
  153 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3391.jpg",
  154 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  155 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  156 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Physiology",
  157 + "_Summary": "This animation follows the passage of blood through the heart's chambers and valves.",
  158 + "_LowerSummary": "The heart is a four-chambered organ with four main vessels, which either bring blood to or carry blood away from the heart. The four chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The great vessels of the heart include:<ul><li>Superior and inferior vena cava (brings blood from the body to the right atrium)</li><li>Pulmonary artery (transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs)</li><li>Aorta (the body's largest artery, which transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body)</li></ul><BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A series of one-way valves keep the blood flowing in one direction with every heartbeat. Blood first enters the heart into the right atrium then passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the muscular force pushes blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Blood then travels to the lungs, where CAData receives oxygen. Next, CAData drains out of the lungs via the pulmonary veins, and travels to the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood is forced through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the major muscular pump that sends the blood out to the body systems. When the left ventricle contracts, CAData forces the blood through the aortic semilunar valves and into the aorta. The aorta and its branches carry blood to all the tissues of the body."
  159 + },
  160 + {
  161 + "_id": "1120",
  162 + "_ImageId": "3393",
  163 + "_Title": "Lymphatics and the breast",
  164 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200103/200103.mp4",
  165 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3393.jpg",
  166 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular, Lymphatic",
  167 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Head and Neck, Pelvis and Perineum, Thorax",
  168 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Oncology (Cancer), Physiology",
  169 + "_Summary": "This animation discusses and depicts several aspects of the lymphatic system including a microscopic view of lymph formation, edema, breast lymphatics and the spread of breast cancer.",
  170 + "_LowerSummary": "The lymphatic system is often referred to as the body's \"secondary circulatory system\". The lymphatic system collects excess fluid in the body's tissues and returns CAData to the bloodstream.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Lymph formation occurs at the microscopic level. During the exchange of fluid and molecules between the blood circulation and body tissues, blood capillaries may not reabsorb all of the fluid. Surrounding lymphatic capillaries absorb the excess fluid. The fluid is then filtered and transported back by the lymphatic system into large veins near the heart.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The lymphatic system can play a very worrisome role in the spread of breast cancer. Components of the lymphatic system called lymph nodes are distributed at specific locations throughout the body. There is also an extensive network of lymphatic vessels in every woman's breast tissue, which is important in regulating the local fluid balance as well as in filtering out harmful substances.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The lymph vessels in the breast may inadvertently supply cancerous cells with access to a highway along which the cancerous cells can move to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis and may result in the formation of a secondary cancer mass in a different location of the body. Regular breast self examinations can help to detect tumors earlier in their growth, hopefully before they spread quickly or metastasize."
  171 + },
  172 + {
  173 + "_id": "1121",
  174 + "_ImageId": "3394",
  175 + "_Title": "Menstrual cycle - interactive tool",
  176 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200132/200132.mp4",
  177 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3394.jpg",
  178 + "_BodySystem": "Endocrine, Reproductive",
  179 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
  180 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Physiology",
  181 + "_Summary": "This interactive animation shows the changes that occur during the menstrual cycle to hormone levels, body temperature, an ovary, and lining of the uterus.",
  182 + "_LowerSummary": "Click and drag the slider bar to see changes that occur during a normal 28 day menstrual cycle."
  183 + },
  184 + {
  185 + "_id": "1122",
  186 + "_ImageId": "3395",
  187 + "_Title": "Nerve conduction - general overview",
  188 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200011/200011.mp4",
  189 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3395.jpg",
  190 + "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
  191 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Body Wall and Back, Head and Neck, Thorax, Upper Limb",
  192 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Neurology, Physiology",
  193 + "_Summary": "This animation provides a general overview of the nervous system and shows the process in which nerve impulses are transmitted.",
  194 + "_LowerSummary": "The nervous system is composed of two divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and the spinal cord and the PNS consists of thousands of nerves that connect the spinal cord to muscles and sensory receptors.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A peripheral nerve is composed of nerve bundles (fascicles) that contain hundreds of individual nerve fibers (neurons). Neurons consist of dendrites, axon, and cell body. The dendrites are the tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and from special sensory cells that sense the body's surrounding environment. The cell body is the headquarters of the neuron and contains its genetic information in the form of DNA. The axon transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Many neurons are insulated like pieces of electrical wire. This insulation protects them and also allows their signals to move faster along the axon. Without this insulation, signals from the brain might never reach the outlying muscle groups in the limbs.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The operation of the nervous system depends on the flow of communication between neurons. For an electrical signal to travel between two neurons, CAData must first be converted to a chemical signal, which then crosses a space of about a millionth of an inch wide. The space is called a synapse, and the chemical signal is called a neurotransmitter.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Neurotransmitters allow the billions of neurons in the nervous system to communicate with one another, making the nervous system the master communication system of the body."
  195 + },
  196 + {
  197 + "_id": "1124",
  198 + "_ImageId": "3397",
  199 + "_Title": "Peristalsis",
  200 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200088/200088.mp4",
  201 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3397.jpg",
  202 + "_BodySystem": "Digestive",
  203 + "_BodyRegion": "Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum",
  204 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Gastroenterology, Physiology",
  205 + "_Summary": "This animation follows the processing of food through the digestive tract, focusing on the intestinal peristaltic movement (a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves the food mixture down the digestive tract).",
  206 + "_LowerSummary": "Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed. The strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle in the esophagus carry the food to the stomach, where CAData is churned into a liquid mixture called chyme.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Next, peristalsis continues in the small intestine where CAData mixes and shifts the chyme back and forth, allowing nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Peristalsis concludes in the large intestine where water from the undigested food material is absorbed into the bloodstream. Finally, the remaining waste products are excreted from the body through the rectum and anus."
  207 + },
  208 + {
  209 + "_id": "1126",
  210 + "_ImageId": "3399",
  211 + "_Title": "Sperm production and pathway of ejaculation",
  212 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200019/200019.mp4",
  213 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3399.jpg",
  214 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  215 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  216 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Physiology",
  217 + "_Summary": "This animation highlights the structures of the male reproductive system and the pathway of ejaculate. A testicle is sectioned and enlarged to depict its internal anatomy, including a microscopic view of individual sperm.",
  218 + "_LowerSummary": "Sperm are produced, stored, and delivered by the male reproductive system. The male reproductive system includes the testes, urethra, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and penis.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The testes contain coiled structures called seminiferous tubules, which are the sites of sperm production. They produce over 12 billion sperm per month. The epididymis lies on top of the seminiferous tubules. Immature sperm migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to mature and be stored. The migration process usually takes about 20 days. Before intercourse, the penis fills with blood and becomes erect. With sufficient stimulation, the ejaculatory process begins.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The mature sperm travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a narrow, muscular tube about 18 inches long. Its smooth muscle contractions propel the sperm forward. They arrive first at the ampulla, the widest part of the vas deferens, and then pass into the ejaculatory ducts. In the ejaculatory ducts, a liquid secretion from the seminal vesicles mixes with the sperm. Seminal fluid contains fructose sugar, which the sperm use as fuel as well as alkalines, which help to counteract the naturally acidic environment of the vagina and uterus providing the sperm a better chance for survival.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The liquid mixture is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra, passing first through the prostate gland, where milky prostatic fluid is added, forming the substance we call semen. The prostatic fluid helps the sperm swim faster, which is important for getting to the egg cell.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Finally, about a teaspoon of semen is ejected out (ejaculated) through the far end of the urethra at the end of the penis. From the time the sperm leave the man's body, they have between 12 and 48 hours to find and fertilize the egg cell, assuming an egg is available. Of the 300 million sperm ejaculated, only about 200 or so will survive to reach the egg cell and only one will succeed in fertilizing CAData."
  219 + },
  220 + {
  221 + "_id": "1127",
  222 + "_ImageId": "3400",
  223 + "_Title": "Stroke",
  224 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200071/200071.mp4",
  225 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3400.jpg",
  226 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  227 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
  228 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
  229 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a stroke resulting by an embolism traveling from an internal carotid artery and lodging within a cerebral artery in the brain.",
  230 + "_LowerSummary": "A stroke may occur if an embolism travels from another part of the body and lodges within an artery in the brain. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>When an internal arterial wall becomes damaged, various types of emboli can form, such as one derived from platlets, thrombotic, cholesterol, or mixed. In this example, an embolism is formed in the internal carotid artery, breaks loose, travels towards the brain and lodges in a cerebral artery. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The blocked artery deprives the brain of oxygen, damaging the surrounding brain tissue. The result is a stroke."
  231 + },
  232 + {
  233 + "_id": "1128",
  234 + "_ImageId": "3401",
  235 + "_Title": "Stroke - secondary to cardiogenic embolism",
  236 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200072/200072.mp4",
  237 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3401.jpg",
  238 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  239 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck, Thorax",
  240 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Pathology",
  241 + "_Summary": "This animations shows a piece of clot breaking away from the heart, travelling to the brain, resulting in a stroke.",
  242 + "_LowerSummary": "A blood clot, or embolus, can form and break-off from the heart. The clot travels through the bloodstream where CAData can lodge in an artery of the brain, blocking the flow of blood. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The lack of oxygen results in damage, destruction, or even tissue death of the brain beyond the affected area. The result is a stroke."
  243 + },
  244 + {
  245 + "_id": "1119",
  246 + "_ImageId": "3392",
  247 + "_Title": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)",
  248 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200061/200061.mp4",
  249 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3392.jpg",
  250 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  251 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN)",
  252 + "_Summary": "This animations shows the process of Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a procedure used to fertilize an egg cell outside of the body.",
  253 + "_LowerSummary": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or ICSI, is a form of in vitro fertilization in which fertilization occurs outside of the body. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>First, egg cells are harvested and transferred to a special media in a laboratory dish. Within a few hours, a single sperm is injected through a fine needle into the center of an egg cell to aid in the process of fertilization. If successful, the cell will divide and form the beginning stages of an embryo. If necessary, the DNA of a single cell from an embryo may be checked to ensure that various genetic disorders are not present. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Typically, several egg cells are harvested and fertilized at the same time then inserted back into the uterus to increase the chances that one will implant and develop into a successful pregnancy."
  254 + },
  255 + {
  256 + "_id": "1123",
  257 + "_ImageId": "3396",
  258 + "_Title": "Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)",
  259 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200140/200140.mp4",
  260 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3396.jpg",
  261 + "_BodySystem": "Cardiovascular",
  262 + "_BodyRegion": "Thorax",
  263 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Cardiology, Thoracic Surgery, Vascular Medicine",
  264 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries by inflating a tiny balloon to compress the plaque against the walls of the artery, flattening CAData out so that blood can once again flow through the blood vessel freely.",
  265 + "_LowerSummary": "Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The procedure begins with the doctor injecting some local anesthesia into the groin area and putting a needle into the femoral artery, the blood vessel that runs down the leg. A guide wire is placed through the needle and the needle is removed. An introducer is then placed over the guide wire, after which the wire is removed. A different sized guide wire is put in its place. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Next, a long narrow tube called a diagnostic catheter is advanced through the introducer over the guide wire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guide wire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening or ostium of one the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a x-ray.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>If a treatable blockage is noted, the first catheter is exchanged for a guiding catheter. Once the guiding catheter is in place, a guide wire is advanced across the blockage, then a balloon catheter is advanced to the blockage site. The balloon is inflated for a few seconds to compress the blockage against the artery wall. Then the balloon is deflated.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The doctor may repeat this a few times, each time pumping up the balloon a little more to widen the passage for the blood to flow through. This treatment may be repeated at each blocked site in the coronary arteries. A device called a stent may be placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open. Once the compression has been performed, contrast media is injected and a x-ray is taken to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed."
  266 + },
  267 + {
  268 + "_id": "1125",
  269 + "_ImageId": "3398",
  270 + "_Title": "Sexual differentiation",
  271 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200124/200124.mp4",
  272 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3398.jpg",
  273 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  274 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  275 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Embryology",
  276 + "_Summary": "This animation illustrates the development of the external sex organs in a female and male fetus.",
  277 + "_LowerSummary": "A baby's sex is determined at the time of conception. When a baby is conceived, the X or Y chromosome carried by the sperm cell fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell. The chromosome combination determines whether the baby will be female or male. An XX combination means the baby will be a girl and XY means CAData will be a boy.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Even though gender is determined at conception, the fetus doesn't develop its external sexual organs until the fourth month of pregnancy. At seven weeks after conception, the front of the fetus appears to be sexually indifferent, looking neither like a female or a male.<BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Over the next five weeks, the fetus begins producing hormones that cause its sex organs to grow into either female or male organs. This process is called sexual differentiation. If the fetus is female, CAData will produce hormones called estrogens. If the fetus is a male, CAData will produce hormones called androgens. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>Hormones will instruct a common structure called the genital tubercle to either form the clitoris in the female or the penis in the male. The clitoris and penis are called sexual analogs because they originate from the same structure."
  278 + },
  279 + {
  280 + "_id": "1129",
  281 + "_ImageId": "3402",
  282 + "_Title": "Vasectomy",
  283 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200076/200076.mp4",
  284 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3402.jpg",
  285 + "_BodySystem": "Reproductive",
  286 + "_BodyRegion": "Pelvis and Perineum",
  287 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "General Surgery",
  288 + "_Summary": "This animation shows a vasectomy procedure.",
  289 + "_LowerSummary": "A vasectomy is a procedure to cause permanent sterility in a man by preventing the transport of sperm out of the testes. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>A small incision is made in the scrotum and each vas deferens is tied off and cut apart preventing sperm from being released within the ejaculate. The small skin incision is stitched closed and the surgery does not affect a man's sexual function."
  290 + },
  291 + {
  292 + "_id": "1131",
  293 + "_ImageId": "3404",
  294 + "_Title": "Hearing and the cochlea",
  295 + "_Video": "http://aia5.adam.com/graphics/Multimedia/en/200057/200057.mp4",
  296 + "_ThumbnailImage": "ca_tni_3404.jpg",
  297 + "_BodySystem": "Nervous",
  298 + "_BodyRegion": "Head and Neck",
  299 + "_MedicalSpecialty": "Otolaryngology (ENT), Physiology",
  300 + "_Summary": "This animation shows the various structures of the ear and the process of hearing.",
  301 + "_LowerSummary": "As sound waves entering the ear, they travel through the outer ear, the external auditory canal, and strike the eardrum causing CAData to vibrate. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The central part of the eardrum is connected to a small bone of the middle ear called the malleus (hammer). As the malleus vibrates, CAData transmits the sound vibrations to the other two small bones or ossicles of the middle ear, the incus and stapes. As the stapes moves, CAData pushes a structure called the oval window in and out. This action is passed onto the cochlea, which is a fluid-filled snail-like structure that contains the receptor organ for hearing. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The cochlea contains the spiral organ of Corti, which is the receptor organ for hearing. It consists of tiny hair cells that translate the fluid vibration of sounds from its surrounding ducts into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves. As the stapes rocks back and forth against the oval window, CAData transmits pressure waves of sound through the fluid of the cochlea, sending the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct into motion. <BodyRegion/><BodyRegion/>The fibers near the cochlear apex resonate to lower frequency sound while fibers near the oval window response to higher frequency sound."
  302 + }
  303 + ]
311 304 }
312 305 }
... ...